_The Mendele Review_: Yiddish Literature and Language (A Companion to _MENDELE_) ______________________________________________________ Contents of Vol. 04.011 30 July 2000 1a) See the Yiddish text of "A tate mit bonim" http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmr/tate.pdf 1b) On "A tate mit bonim" by Itshe-Meyer Vaysnberg (Leonard Prager) The editor comments on a story now added to the Onkelos Project. Readers can now compare the Yiddish text with the English translation by Isaac Rosenfeld in Howe and Greenberg's _A Treasury of Yiddish Stories_. 2) "The Treasure" by Sholem Aleichem (translated by Louis Fridhandler) Louis Fridhandler gives us another of his skilful translations of a Sholem Aleichem story -- this time a translation of a translation -- and finds a parallel for the plot in the notes of the famous seventeenth-century English diarist, Samuel Pepys. Ever alert to events around him, Pepys recorded a striking financial anecdote associated with the Sabbatian tremor among his Israelite contemporaries. It would be interesting to know what literary sources, contemporary criminal accounts, or personal life experiences may have actually served Sholem Aleichem in constructing this satire of credulity and greed. Sholem Aleichem went bankrupt -- largely due to losses on the the stock exchange -- a year after this story was published. Credulity in money matters characterizes the exasperating but sympathetic and indestructible "luftmentsh" Menakhem Mendl, created several years after "The Treasure" was written. In 1889 in "The Treasure" Sholem Aleichen focussed sharply on the devastating notion of earning money quasi-magically. [L.P.] 1a)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 July 2000 From: Noyekh Millerand Leonard Prager Subject: "A tate mit bonim" fun Itshe-Meyer Vaysnberg Yiddish text at: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmr/tate.pdf 1b)--------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 July 2000 From: Leonard Prager Subject: On "A tate mit bonim" fun Itshe-Meyer Vaysnberg On "A tate mit bonim" by I.M. Weissenberg Irving Howe and Eliezer Greenberg were fortunate to enlist Isaac Rosenfeld as translator of Itshe-Meyer Vaysnberg's somewhat repelling but also compelling short story "A tate mit bonim" [see _A Treasury of Yiddish Stories_, pp. 297-307], the latest addition to Project Onkelos [see _TMR_ 4.002 for a project description]. Rosenfeld was a writer of distinction (old-timers may recall his somewhat sensational 1949 _Commentary_ essay "Adam and Eve on Delancey Street) and his fine novel _Passage from Home_. His translation of "A tate mit bonim" must receive high grades, yet as keen readers of the Yiddish text [now available at http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmr/tate.pdf] we might wish to question some of his renditions, beginning with the very title of the story. Rosenfeld's title, "Father and the Boys," links the descriptive term _father_ (which often carries dignified overtones) to the jocular collocation "the boys," a highly allusive term which when applied to adult males evokes the senses of convivial confraternity and playfully protracted adolescence. The father, Shloyme, and his two sons, Pinkhes and Moyshe Brutan, sitting at table gorging themselves and singing sabbath hymns to the tune of a carousel march are nothing but "the boys." The author specifically called his story "A tate mit bonim," introducing irony with the word _bonim_, which means 'sons' in Hebrew but in Yiddish frequently differs from _zin_ 'sons' in its subtly contemptuous or humorous coloring. Try as hard as I might I could not come up with a more apt English title than Rosenfeld's, much as the filial connection so vital to the story and expressed in _his sons_ is missing there. The characters of the sons and the nature of their relationship to Shloyme, the father, are central to this story of intergenerational conflict and social change. Howe and Greenberg are right in refusing to classify Vaysnberg as a "naturalist," which many critics understandably do. In employing a "slice of life" technique, choosing as subject a coarse family, depicting the gross motives and behavior of its members, attending to detail, acknowledging the material forces that shape human actions, Vaysnberg goes far in the naturalist mode. However, as Howe and Greenberg point out, there is a romantic tinge in his writings, so evident in the nature descriptions in "A tate mit bonim." And, in addition to the irony emphasized in the title, there is both bizarre, macabre tragedy and raucous comedy in our story. Prepositions in Yiddish, as in English, can be highly expressive. Vaysnberg writes "A tate _mit_ bonim" rather than, say, "A tate fun bonim." The central plot event in the story is the mother's suffocating of her newborn son during a strange dream. Khane-Leye charges the Queen of Sheba, a Lilith figure here, with coming through the window at night and crushing the infant with her large breasts (normally a means of nurture not murder). Shloyme, the husband, standing before the rabbi and demanding a divorce, accuses his wife of having "killed" two sons, an earlier birth having also miscarried. We recall Khane-Leye's confession to her neighbor before giving birth that "zi hot nisht keyn nakhes fun kinder" ['she has no gratification from her children']; being modern readers, we begin to suspect that nocturnal infant-crushing may be Khane-Leye's unconscious weapon against domestic servitude -- is she not little more than the kitchen-slave of three ravenous males? The father had plans for those dead sons -- with (i.e. _mit_) four sturdy sons "volt er gekont a velt mit a medine aynnemen" ['he could have conquered the world']. In peasant economies children, especially male children, are capital, life insurance. _With_ four sons, Shloyme could have become prosperous. What a material loss he has endured! Vaysnberg gives us a realistic picture of a particular working-class shtetl family. The mother can liken her sleeping elder son to a steam engine, but power in this home -- in several senses -- is manual. The father is an itinerant tailor who spends his weekdays in surrounding villages sewing by hand for the gentiles and rural Jews. His two sons, Pinkhes and Moyshe Brutan, are his helpers, though the older son, Pinkhes, has become delinquent and challenges the father's authority (at the same time that he desires his approbation) with his fists. Khane-Leye has given her husband a nickname "Shloyme der grober kop" ['Shloyme the fathead'] because of the way he and his sons devour food (including her own Sabbath morning breakfast) on Friday evening when other Jews are on their way to synagogue. In her eyes, they do not simply eat, but feed their _piskes_, their 'animal mouths'. Food is a central motif in the story. Moyshe Brutan is obsessed with the subject. A principle fantasy of his shows him running off to work as a journeyman tailor -- i.e. replacing his father -- without his mother knowing his whereabouts and consequently worrying about him; with his triumphant return home for the Sabbath, all the women gazing at this vigorous young man striding home with his pockets full; and his turning over his earnings to his mother who serves him with numerous of his favorite dishes, though he feigns being a delicate eater. The flashback carousel episode in "A tate mit bonim" is crucial to the story. The revolving, loudly decorated mechanical contraption with its blaring march tune and its painted wooden horses and coaches conjures up the outside gentile world of encroaching technology and tawdry recreation. The simple-minded Shloyme and his madcap son Pinkhes are fascinated by the carousel. Pinkhes instinctively helps to set up the equipment and is offererd a place in the troupe. Significantly he does not accept; he will make adventurous sorties into the gentile world but will not desert his _gemeinschaft_. He offers his father a free ride on the carousel, proud that he can do so and his father glows at his son's prowess. But Pinkhes' generous act has a comic denouement when the father finds himself on a horse "chasing" a shikse and the son aloft at the controls grows dizzy and vomits down on his father as well as falling from his perch and stopping the show. They run home in disgrace. Vomiting on one's own father is a rather extreme image of filial rebellion, but Vaysnberg does not shy away from disgusting scenes. He is, however, not merely describing an event. The revolving carousel embodies the notion of encroaching change, and the inverted positions of parent and child suggests the breakdown of traditional authority. In the concluding section of the story, it is the son Pinkhes who tells his father to go home and forget about divorcing his mother; he gives her money for food and tells her to go home and cook. The concluding scene of the story is a modulated "happy ending," a convincing one. Khane-Leye, who can now drop a sentimental tear for her prodigal son and protector, has cooked the Sabbath eve dinner and the men are sate. Now, led by the father -- not all of whose seniority has been usurped -- the males sing zmires [Sabbath song'] to the tune of a carousel march, an element of the "other" having been safely incorporated into traditional patterns. The delinquent son has restored the family to that degree of harmony it is capable of achieving. The author appears to identify with the raw energy of his characters, primitive though they may be. 2)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 July 2000 From: Louis Fridlander Subject: "The Treasury" by Sholem ALeichem The Treasure by Sholem Aleichem Translated from an unsigned Yiddish translation of the Hebrew original by Louis Fridhandler [Translator's Introduction] Sholem Aleichem wrote this piece in Hebrew with the original title, "Ha-Otsar". It was published in _Ha-Melits_, 1889, Nos. 272, 275. A Yiddish translation (unnamed translator) was published as "Der Oytser", in _Fargesene Bletlekh_ [Forgotten Pages], ed. Y. Mitlman and Kh. Nadel, Melukhe Farlag far Di Natsyonale Minderhaytn in USSR, Kiev, 1939, pp. 62-78. In his edition of Sholem Aleichem's Hebrew writings (_Ktavim ivriim_, Jerusalem: Mosad Bialik, 1976), Chone Shmeruk makes clear that "No Yiddish version of the story is known. A Yiddish translation of the story appeared in _Fargesene Bletlekh_..." My translation is from the unsigned Yiddish translation in _Fargesene Bletlekh_ -- i.e. it is a translation of a translation. The words _bitter_ and _sardonic_ come to mind in characterizing this tale of poor, gullible Jews fleeced by swindlers. Still, Sholem Aleichem manages to entertain while reminding readers of a terrifying and shameful history. Shabtai the innkeeper recalls Shabtai Tsvi, the false messiah of 1665. Yankl Squealer represents Jewish informers who cooperated with the anti-Semitic regime. Yankl Snatcher reminded readers of the cantonist system of military recruitment of Jews, 1827-1856. A fearful degradation gripped Jewish communities under pressures of high numbers of recruits demanded by tsarist military authorities from each shtetl. Bands of Jewish men, the snatchers (khapers), kidnapped Jewish children, some as young as eight, and delivered them to the Russian military authorities. The children were sent to camps (cantons) far from home where the Russian captors attempted forcible conversion to Christianity through beatings, torture and starvation. The children were not permitted to speak Yiddish or observe familiar Jewish religious or secular customs. It was often a death sentence. Of those who survived, few remained Jews. The cantonist system was established by Nicholas I in 1827 and abolished by Alexander II in 1856. Another interesting sidelight: Samuel Pepys refers in his diary to a rumor about a London Jew. Sholem Aleichem's story mirrors elements of the rumor recorded by Samuel Pepys on February 19, 1666: "Here [at his bookseller's] I am told for certain, what I have heard once or twice already, of a Jew in town, that in the name of the rest doth offer to give any man 10 pounds, to be paid 100 pounds if a certain person, now at Smirna, be within these two years owned by all the princes of the East, and perticularly the Grand Segnor, as the King of the World, in the same manner as we do the King of England here, and that this man is the true Messiah. One named a friend of his that had received ten pieces in gold upon this score, and says that the Jew hath disposed of 1100 pounds in this manner -- which is very strange; and certainly this year of 1666 will be a year of great action, but what the consequences of it will be, God knows." [_The Diary of Samuel Pepys_, A new and complete transcription, ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, vol. 7, 1972, p. 47.] The "certain person, now at Smirna" is an obvious reference to Shabtai Tsvi. Sholem Aleichem's story also revolves about Jews lured by false hopes into giving away money in expectation of high returns: each ruble to be returned a hundredfold. In Samuel Pepys' record, the return is only tenfold. Pepys and Sholem Aleichem, diverse in culture and background, found interest in the same far-fetched legend. * * * 1. Mazepevkites are like no others on earth. They scatter money as though strewing ashes, to right and to left. In _their_ eyes, rubles are like ants. It's all for charity. Their generous souls care for the well-being of all in their midst, the pauper or stranger. A Mazepevkite prays: "Look here, merciful Father. Money and silver are Yours, are they not? You don't mind then, do You, if I, being among the needy, am chosen to become one of the rich? Am I not worthy? Merciful God! Show me Your wondrous deeds: let me win the lottery. Just this once. And You will profit. I will do in fear that which is dear to You: unstinting donations. For the synagogue that much, and for the bathhouse (pardon for mentioning both in the same breath) this much; a fine gift for the Talmud Torah; twice as much for the sick-house; alms for the poor and for benevolent societies such as 'Heal the Sick', 'Support the Fallen', 'Free the Captive', and so on and on." Mazepevkites sprinkle money about, but still the poor go hungry, and the boys of the Talmud Torah wear tattered clothes, bare bottoms showing, and the synagogue is a fright with teetering walls about to collapse, and the bathhouse.... But nobody's surprised. No Mazepevkite has ever won the lottery. Still they spread money around in full faith that "Good Fortune" himself (though he tarries) will soon be at their side on their "Great Day." Even in sleep, they speak only of riches that await them. Wealth will come, not from business and trade, or slowly and surely from labor, but all at once. It will be cast down to them from heaven. O, Sing Psalms of Joy! Thousands, tens of thousands, a hundred thousand.... Do you think that's impossible for God? How did this boundless money hunger grow in such a place? Moneyed moguls do not sprout like mushrooms in Mazepevke. On the contrary, poverty rules and struts proudly about town; the numbers of destitute swell day by day; all doors to a living are barred . Jews bemoan their fate, roam about like ghosts, not knowing how to feed their families. But Mazepevkites are unequaled in faith and belief. In this dark valley, they hope all year for miracles. Roast fowl will fly straight to their mouths. Berko, the collector, supports their faith. He sells lottery tickets by the hundreds and thousands. No house in Mazepevke is without its ticket. As yet they've won nothing, but still they hope. They patiently wait for the day, their day of destiny, but that day is dragging its feet. Legends tell of such prospects. "Once there was a pious man, with no food nor means of support...." Remember that story? Remember how he went to sleep poor, and arose rich? Now I'll tell you a story not of one pious man but of a town full of faithful folks without food or support; and of a Jewish woman, virtuous and wise. And honest! She had a treasure of two hundred million rubles, gold beyond measure. 2. It happened in the 5649th year since creation, or 1889 as Europe and other civilized lands count. On the eleventh day of the month of Iyar, the Jewish streets of Mazepevke buzzed and rocked with a rumor that the woman with the key to the locked treasure had arrived. Everyone heard how this woman had been going from town to town near and far shedding abundance upon the poor wherever she went. How fortunate, they! "You lucky people! Come! Reach out and grab your share. Fill your knapsacks and your boxes. You think 200,000,000 pieces of gold is nothing?" Nobody knows where that treasure is now, nor how the woman acquired custody, but at last she was in Mazepevke for only a few days. In two or three weeks, she would divulge the secret, unearth the riches. The treasure's first sacred burial place was in the village of Khrudovka near Mazepevke between two hills where a gentile nobleman fell dead as he dug for the treasure before its time. Some say: Many long years ago, the commander of all the Cossack armies, the hetman Mazepa,(1) buried it several yards deep in the earth. It held two hundred million gold rubles as well as many pieces of silver and gold, with pearls and diamonds in iron and copper pitchers and pots. The treasure was covered by a copper door secured by a golden lock which could be opened only by a key fashioned of fine spun gold. That key was now held by the Jewish woman. But how did the key reach her hands? Some say that Mazepa lost it and a Jew, Moyshe Groys, found it and bequeathed it to his children bidding them to pass it from generation to generation. It finally reached the woman who now resides among us. Moyshe's will decreed that the treasure be unearthed on the day before Shvues, 5649. _This year!_ The will warned that whoever touched it before its time would die. That fate befell the gentile nobleman who had tried to snatch the legacy meant for Jewish heirs. But others say: It was not Mazepa who buried the treasure but Gonta(2), may his name be erased(3); and it was not buried in Mazepevke but in Uman.(4) Here's what happened. There once was a Jew called Anshl of Uman, simple and God-fearing. He had a scraggly mare hitched to his wagon upon which he toted goods to the courts of Polish noblemen. When Gonta set out to bury the treasure, Anshl happened to be at the edge of a nearby forest standing to recite the Eighteen Blessings beside his loaded wagon. At the words, "And our eyes will see," he caught sight of Gonta and a pack of his Cossacks digging a hole. Into it they lowered many sacks of gold and silver coins, precious stones and diamonds whose radiance almost blinded Anshl. The Cossacks dashed off in haste without noticing him. Anshl stepped out of the woods, hauled out the treasure, and hefted it onto his wagon. He dumped his own meager wares into the hole, covered them up with earth, and dashed off. Others said: No, that's not how it was! They claimed that the treasure was in the woman's home locked in a silver casket. It held gold coins, priceless jewelry and paper drawn on an English bank worth two hundred million rubles. It was to be guarded until the moment ordained for its distribution, the day before Shvues, 5649. Soon! This very year! At last, here she was in Mazepevke, and all could see the treasure with their very own eyes. That raised a mighty lust in each heart. Each racing mind silently counted, "Two hundred million! Oh, my! What couldn't I do with that!?" The woman had two aides, two treasurers, obviously fine people with honest faces. Mazepevkites crowded around them asking how to claim a share of the treasure. An aide explained, "Whoever folds one ruble into a treasurer's palm will later dip his own hand into the pile of gold, and carry off his share of one hundred rubles. Give one hundred, take ten thousand!" A truly fine business! What mortal soul would spurn this chance to insure his future? "PAWN YOUR SHIRT AND GET RICH QUICK!" >From all over town, Mazepevkites brought money to the woman. He who had no ready cash pawned household linen, clothes and his wife's jewelry (begging her pardon). And there opened a font of measureless profit for moneylenders who were besieged with people imploring, "Here, take these clothes. Charge me plenty of interest as long as you hand over money!" The rush grew fiercer when everyone learned that the woman would stop accepting money after the 33rd day in Omer. She didn't need this business. What for? It was nothing compared to the fortune she would own! No one doubted there was money in her treasure. First, consider that many treasures must have been buried in bygone days. And second, everybody saw the old copper pitcher near the woman brimming with rubles and other sparkling coins. How can anyone not believe? And yet the mischievous wiseacres of Mazepevke jeered and sneered at those who ran to give their money to the woman. "See how they ask the wind to blow their money away." "He'll see that money again when he can see his ears." "All he'll get for his money is a fistful of rags." But two or three days later these cynics learned their lesson and dropped their waggish ways. One by one, they, just like the others, began to sneak in the dark, out of sight, into the woman's room at the inn. They hurried to give her their last ruble because soon it would be too late to claim their share. The gates would shut, and pawning goods would help no longer. True, the woman shrank from taking money. Her aides, the treasurers, also firmly resisted, but everyone ardently begged, "Take, take! Why should it bother you to take?" The treasurers relented, and took. And they took and took from early morning to the middle of the night. The door kept swinging back and forth on its hinges, not resting a moment. As one left another entered. Men and women, old and young, boys and girls, brides and grooms shoved and bumped each other in the sides and backs, pushing to be first, as people often do. The upright woman with the treasure wore a silken shawl across her shoulders, a clean bonnet on her head, a golden necklace studded with diamonds, topazes on her forehead, earrings, and many rings on her fingers. She lodged at the inn of our well-known innkeeper, Shabtai, and spoke hardly at all to her visitors. She relied for that on her two kinsmen, the treasurers, who bustled about the room, whispering in each other's ear. Mostly, they ignored the townspeople milling about with their little clumps of money, but now and then one caught the eye of a kind treasurer who agreed to take the money. Another claim for a share in the treasure was thus duly recorded. How sweet it was! To Shabtai fell the task of discreet and modest spokesman. Anyone who came to see the woman had to enlist Shabtai as mouthpiece, mediator and advocate. That's how it has always been done in Mazepevke: somebody to take your side for every purpose; or, as they call him, a "side-taker". At the landlord's, a "side-taker"; when pleading with the well-to-do, or at the police station, or with the doctor, or the rabbi. Anywhere, a "side-taker". They stir neither hand nor foot without first arranging for a person to be on their side. Shabtai represented those wishing for an introduction to a treasurer. Shabtai might say, "Here is Mr. so and so, one of our good citizens, prays in the old shul." Or, "This is Mrs. so and so, a fine woman, sells milk and butter." Shabtai paved the way for a grateful Mazepevke. For his trouble, Shabtai secured for himself a due reward. His motto was, "It pays to walk slowly behind an overloaded wagon." First, he arranged fitting dowries for his four daughters. That is, he gave the woman a hundred rubles (twenty-five for each daughter duly recorded) to stake a later claim for two thousand five hundred rubles each. Shabtai was no fool, and pleaded his case. To the treasurers he argued that as he was the innkeeper, he was worthier than anyone off the street, and so deserved a supplement beyond those ten thousand rubles to defray those heavy wedding expenses. "Listen, gentlemen. Four weddings! That's no joke. My wife, Dvoyre (may she live and be well), will want a silk dress and a fur coat. And what about cash for the rabbi and the sexton and the cantor? And the musicians? And..., and more!" The worthy treasurers answered that if Shabtai would give them free room and board, they would later dip into the treasure and give him pearls and diamonds. Shabtai could then sell them for ready cash. "You will _not_ sell those pearls and diamonds," shrieked Dvoyre. "No! Never! Not for all the money in the world will I let you do such a thing, Shabtai, because they'll be mine! You hear?" "Anything you like," answered Shabtai in good humor. "I won't bicker with you now. O, may Shvues come quickly." 3. As Shvues approached, the growing crowds at the inn shoved harder, until Shabtai proclaimed, "An end to this! The gates have shut. The woman can't share her treasure with just anybody." Still, people pawned house and home, left businesses and jobs, and thrust money at the woman. She took, but not eagerly. Contracts, betrothals were canceled, and marriages were fractured, all for the sake of the treasure, the only thing on their minds. A week before the "Great Day" was to arrive, a great misfortune struck from out of the blue. Before I tell you what happened, I must tell you this: In these awful times, Mazepevkites do many things for a living. Among those trades is an easy one. It is dirty and disgusting: betrayal of neighbors to tsarist oppressors. A betrayer is spawned by hate and envy, and every town has its own betrayer (to our shame and pain) who has a big tongue and puts it to work. Mazepevke's honored master in this trade is "Yankl Squealer" who reminds us of "Yankl Snatcher"(6) of old. May these evil pursuers be expelled from God's congregation. Only then will the Jews know release from affliction. That scabby livelihood gripped us in its clutches in those dark days of choking horror and oppression. Yankl is a distinguished family man in Mazepevke, and all show him due respect. After all, he is an informer! Every storekeeper in town (whether or not he deals in contraband), every merchant (whether he has a business permit or not), every Hebrew teacher (whether or not he has a license to teach) knows his duty: to bring a "gift" to Yankl, a few rubles. Whatever happens in town, Yankl gets his tribute (to keep the dog from barking). And this leech supports two voracious daughters with deep pockets wider than the ocean, and as insatiable as the gaping maw of hell. Yankl's most important sense is smell. His long nose sniffs out anything, even underground! It pokes and digs. Go to Mazepevke, and the nose that gives the town its special character will be first in line to greet you. Yankl's nose sniffed out the woman and her treasure. Shabtai the innkeeper, on advice from the aides, took Yankl aside for a chat, and slipped him a little something on the sly. But this time the yearnings of Yankl's nose were not sated. Yankl came poking and sniffing again and again, robbing Shabtai of peace. Perhaps Shabtai could have settled Yankl's nerves with a few more rubles, but Shabtai the hothead is easily vexed, and slow to beg pardon. He poured his bitter gall and boundless fury on Yankl, screaming, "Is there no limit, you leech? Will you suck your brothers' blood to the last drop? Go, go in the best of health; and keep your face hidden forever from my sight!" Yankl turned his lengthy nose toward the door and silently departed, aflame with rage. "Why do you argue with everybody?" asked Dvoyre, Shabtai's wife. "Don't forget. That's Yankl!" "I'm not afraid," said Shabtai, smugly. I have enough for dowries, the weddings, your pearls and diamonds, so why should I tremble? Will he squeal on me that I run an inn? To blazes with it! After Shvues, God willing, I'll marry off my daughters, and I'll say goodbye and good riddance to the inn and the whole town. Let them burn! Nice people like me are appalled by Mazepevke's tumult and its shady business. There's a great big world out there to see." Soon after, on the eve of Shvues, there was a great commotion, pandemonium, at Shabtai's inn. People came running from all over town shouting, "POLICE! SOLDIERS WITH GUNS!" In the confusion, the woman and her treasurers fled to parts unknown, leaving only a pair of ripped trousers, a prayer shawl, a few rags, and the gold key. Shabtai spent that night in jail with other honored townspeople, in a cold, cramped room (no charge for the lodging). In the morning, they were found innocent of any crime, and released. After much investigation, the magistrate noted in his book, that: A) No one knew the names or occupations of the woman and her assistants, whence they came, nor where they went. B) The gold key was made in Mazepevke before Passover by the red-headed locksmith, who was told it was for a holy ark in the Land of Israel. C) Those rascals gypped the Jews, drained their money, left behind a town full of embittered, penniless imbeciles who believe everything, and are held in contempt by decent types. The magistrate wrote further: Behold this people, rascals all, sons of scoundrels, without peers in shrewdness and cunning. The remaining notes of the magistrate were tied with string, and stored among the archives of Mazepevke. They now await study by future scholars of antiquities. References (1) In late 17th century, Mazepa, successor to Khmelnitski, was hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. In Yiddish, _mazepa_ means 'slovenly person'. (2) Cossack hetman in the 18th century. (3) This curse, _yemakh shemo_, is present in the Hebrew version, but omitted from the Yiddish version in _Fargesene Bletlekh_. (4) Uman was the site of a massacre of Jews in 1768. Gonta was a leader. ______________________________________________________ End of _The Mendele Review_ 04.011 Leonard Prager, editor Subscribers to _Mendele_ (see below) automatically receive _The Mendele Review_. Send "to subscribe" or change-of-status messages to: listproc@lists.yale.edu a. For a temporary stop: set mendele mail postpone b. To resume delivery: set mendele mail ack c. To subscribe: sub mendele first_name last_name d. To unsubscribe kholile: unsub mendele ****Getting back issues**** _The Mendele Review_ archives can be reached at: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmrarc.htm