_The Mendele Review_: Yiddish Literature and Language (A Companion to _MENDELE_) ______________________________________________________ Contents of Vol. 03.018 30 November 1999 1) Yiddish Matters: From the Editor -- On Levin Kipnis (Leonard Prager) 2) "Mayn mame-loshn" (Levin Kipnis) 3) "Mikhl mitn bikhl" (Levin Kipnis) 1)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 November 1999 From: Leonard Prager Subject: Yiddish Matters: From the Editor -- On Levin Kipnis (L.P.) 1. Levin Kipnis (1894-1990) was a pioneer of children's literature in Hebrew; legions of Israeli children (pre- and post-1948) were raised on his numerous books and stories. He wrote for all the important Hebrew childrens' magazines and his stories were translated widely in their Yiddish counterparts. In the 1950s Kipnis, a native Yiddish-speaker, began to write in Yiddish and his work, original as well as translated, is today well represented in the corpus of Yiddish childrens' literature. His own account of his return to Yiddish, a moving personal commentary on the Hebrew-Yiddish divide, was published after his death in the two-volume anthology _Yidish-literatur in medines-yisroel_ (Tel-Aviv: H. Leyvik Farlag, 1991, vol. 2, pp. 304-309); when this essay was written and if it appeared previously elsewhere, I do not know -- the Israeli Yiddish anthology lists no sources. Today, almost a decade after his death, I present it here in its entirety as a memorial to him. The pattern of turning from Hebrew to Yiddish, exclusively or sporadically, is integral to the early history of Yiddish literature and is one which, for altered reasons, continued up to our own day. All members of the classic triumvirate -- Mendele, Perets and Sholem-Aleykhem -- wrote in both Hebrew and Yiddish, as did hundreds and hundreds of others of their and of the following generation. Kipnis is but one of a large class of Hebrew writers who "returned" to Yiddish at a later stage of their lives. The tenth anniversary of the death of one of the greatest of these "returnees" -- Dov Sadan -- is now being celebrated in Israel. There are large differences among the returnees. Kipnis' revision of a lifelong anti-Yiddishist stance is deeply emotional, rooted in reminiscences of a world he and his fellow Hebraists had rejected but whose utter decimation they could never have anticipated. Though returning to Yiddish was for him a deeply meaningful reunion with elements of his self that he had jettisoned, his view of Yiddish hardly exceeds the stereotypic Israeli praise of Yiddish jokes and folksongs -- Yiddish as folklore. His prose-poem ending imagining future readers of his Yiddish stories abandons reality in favor of a fantasy vision -- in which he does not believe. Dov Sadan on the other hand, seeing Yiddish and Hebrew literatures as integrally related components of a Jewish literature, buttressed this thesis with powerful scholarship, prepared disciples who are still active, and thus helped assure Yiddish an honored place in Jewish Studies. 2. The last of Levin Kipnis's Yiddish books to be published (to the best of my knowledge) was the charming _Untern faygnboym_ ('Under the Fig Tree'). I trust that readers will forgive me for my pedagogical experiment in presenting and anatomizing "Mikhl mitn bikhl" (Mikhl's Book'), the shortest story in the volume with 129 running words (79 separate words). In the original volume the story is faced by a drawing which illustrates little Mikhl's dream. The story consists of three progressively shorter sections divided by asterisks. I provide a mini-concordance of all the words, their meanings and grammatical classification -- none of which is necessary for anyone who has grown up with Yiddish, regardless of age. The story is complete, with situation A (Mikhl and Danny disagree over the lending of a book) inducing event B (Mikhl's "therapeutic" dream), which eventuates in event C (the happy resolution of the problem). (Some parents and children might object to what apppears to be the story's double "muser haskl" ('moral') -- loan your books and "believe" your dreams -- but that might even generate interesting discussion.) The child will intuitively grasp the tripartite structure and with coaching may be able to summarize the story in three short sentences, using the words of the story but getting help with grammatical forms. Some such summary as the following can be elicited: 1. Deni zogt tsu Mikhl: "Megst mir layen dayn bukh, kh'vel di verter nisht oyfesn." 2. Mikhl kholemt az ale verter in zayn bukh flien aroys und dos bukh blaybt mit leydike zaytn. 3. Mikhl shteyt oyf in der fri un loyft tsu Deni's hoyz im derlangen zayn bikhl. Obviously one who is not a native speaker will need to know a certain amount of grammar to teach this story, simple as it is. In a Yiddish-speaking home a child would learn such expressions as "gants fri" and "vi nor" with his mother's milk; in second-language learning idiomatic phrases can be minor obstacles because the whole expression is more than its individual parts. Yet so often it is the particles, intensives, expletives, idioms whose meaning or position are hard to explain logically, that give a language its special flavor. The cultural ambience of the story, and thus its vocabulary, is universal, though many children might not know what a dovecote is -- the author employs it in an extended simile. Dovecotes are mentioned frequently in Yiddish literature, since they were common in Eastern Europe (see in particular Shalom Asch's "Kola Street" and Moyshe Kulbak's "Munie the Bird Dealer"). 2)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 November 1999 From: Leonard Prager Subject: "mayn mame-loshn" (Levin Kipnis) "mayn mame-loshn" biz dray yor bin ikh geven a shtumer. "shtume-lele" hot men mikh gerufn. dokh hob ikh geredt, geredt oyf shtum-loshn... nokh dray yor hob ikh mit a mol ongehoybn redn -- oyf mame-loshn! mame-loshn mit der mamen, mit mayne brider un shvester, mit mayne khaveyrem, mit alemen. gelernt in 'kheyder' "komets-alef -- o," un gekhapt shmits funem reb|in oyf mame-loshn: -- a yingele zol nit zayn keyn sheygets!... finf yor alt hob ikh shoyn gelernt "khumesh" mit a khumesh-loshn: "veruekh -- un der gayst, eloyhim -- fun got, merakhefes -- hot geshvebt"... "hoodom -- un der mentsh, yodo -- hot bavust, es -- nun, Khave -- Khave|n" "vayoymer -- hot gezogt, eloyhim -- got, yishretsu -- zey zoln vidmen..." un akdomes-loshn: "akdomus... eyder ikh heyb on, milin -- tsu reydn, ve|shoroyus -- un ikh bager, shuso -- tsu shprekhn..." vos es batayt "bager" -- hob ikh zikh ongeshtoysn, ober vos iz "shprekhn" hob ikh dafke yo gevust: "opshprekhn a gut-oyg"... kh'hob nisht lib gehat dem khumesh-loshn. derfar erev-peysekh ven men lernt "shir-hashirem," hot mayn mame-loshn oyfgelebt un zikh gezungen: "shir -- a gezang, hashirem -- fun ale gezangen. dos gezang iz khoshev|er fun ale gezangen. an ander gezang hot gezungen a meylekh, un dos gezang hot gezungen a meylekh ben-meylekh! an ander gezang hot gezungen a novi, un dos gezang hot gezungen a novi ben-novi! an ander gezang hot gezungen a tsadik, -- un dos gezang hot gezungen a tsadik ben-tsadik! asher -- vos le|Shloyme -- tsu got, vos der sholem fun der velt iz zayner..." a groys gezang fun reynem-sheynem mame-loshn, baputst mit etlekhe loshn-koydesh|dike verter. a meylekh, a novi, a tsadik iz dokh oykh mame-loshn... un vayter: "alamos -- yungfroyen, dodekho -- dayn frayndshaft, kedar -- toter." in ek shtetl hot gevoynt a toter mit a toterke. arum zeyer shtub geven a groyser sod fun vaynshl, epl, barn un kraytekhtser... mir, kleynvarg, hobn moyre gehat zikh dernentern. a toter iz dokh vi a tsigayner vos khapt kleyne kinder... ober porlekh fun yunge-manen mit yung-froyen flegn shabes geyn ahin shpatsirn. un di peysekh|dike zun hot geshaynt, un vintlekh hobn geblozn, un feygelekh hobn gepishtshet un mayn mame-loshn iz geven azoy sheyn, azoy lib, azoy shir-hashirem|dik... ikh bin shoyn a zibn yoriker bokher, lern shoyn gemore. di gemore iz geven a groyse, di shures gedikhte, der rashi-ksav -- kleyninke oysyes|lekh, un der rebe a beyzer, a shleger... lernen mir gemore, masekhes gitin. "hashoyleyekh get le|ishto -- az Ruvn shikt a get fun zhitomir tsu zayn vayb keyn barditshev durkh a shaliekh, Shimen, oykh fun zhitomir, geyt Shimen fun zhitomir mitn get keyn barditshev tsu der vayb fun Ruvn fun zhitomir vos voynt in barditshev..." mir, yinglekh, hobn farblondzhet tsvishn zhitomir un barditshev, un der rebe shlogt, un mir veynen, un mame-loshn veynt mit undz tsuzamen... * mayn eltere shvester hot arayngebrakht in shtub shomers romanen, gegesn mit zey, geshlofn mit zey un geshmak geveynt... ikh hob araynge|ganv|et a kuk in di bikhlekh un zikh shoyn nisht gekent opraysn... fun der gemore hob ikh zikh a bisl opgerisn un geleynt shomern ven der tate hot nisht gezen, shpeter hobn zikh bavizn spektors dertseylungen un nokh azoyne, biz Sholem-aleykhem iz ungekumen in shtetl mitn "tepl," mit Tevye|n -- dos shtetl hot ongehoybn lakhn! undzer shtub -- a frume shtub, mayn tate iz a khazn, peysi der khazn. shabes baym esn, lebn dem teler, iz shtendik geven ofn a seyfer, "likutey Tsvi", un tsvishn yoykh un roslfleysh flegt der tate araynkukn in seyfer, un a mol oykh "gezogt" epes. dos zelbe tsvishn roslfleysh un kompot. ze ha|shulkhan asher lifney adoynay, baym tish darf men zogn divrey toyre. flegt er fregn di yinglekh vos zey hobn gelernt in "kheyder" - - - hob ikh zikh ongenumen mit mut, un nokhn tsimes geleynt oyf a kol Sholem-aleykhems a maysele. der tate -- di oygn hot er gehaltn in seyfer, ober zayne oyern hobn zikh shtark tsugehert tsu der maysele. ale arum tish hobn geshmak gelakht, der tate hot geshmeykhlt un gezogt: "a lets eyner!" un dos iz shoyn gevorn a mineg. ale shabes hern Sholem-aleykhem|en. oyneg shabes. ikh hob geleynt, vayzt oys, mitn gantsn hartsn, un mayn mame-loshn hot gekvelt. * mayn shtetl iz geshlofn, shtark geshlofn, zikh oyfgekhapt un zikh nit derkent, di inteligents redt rusish demonstrativ, besmedresh bakhurem zenen gevorn tsienistn un brekhn di tseyner tsu redn hebreish. afile yidishe meydlekh hobn gelernt tanakh, a sgule tsu a shidekh, a halber nadn. funem "kheyder" iz gevorn a "kheyder mesukn" -- ivrit be|ivrit. yidish hobn tsvishn zikh geredt di yidn in shul baym davnen un in kleyt baym gesheft. di vayber hobn baputst zeyer yidish mit rusishe verter -- mame-loshn iz aropgefaln, mame-loshn iz zhargon... a bushe tsu redn... in eyn sheynem tog "dershaynt" in shtetl a sheyner bokher, fun der groyser shtot gekumen, mit a vayser tuzhurke, mit an oysgeneytn kolner, fargartelt mit a shnur -- a sotsyalist. gekumen tsu haltn a "referat far der yugnt." sheyn iz er geven, a shtim -- a reytsndike, un a tsung -- a sharfe. er hot ober veynik geredt vegn sotsyalizm, er iz gikh ariber khoyzek tsu makhn fun hebreish, fun "lokshn-koydesh." oyb nit rusish -- darf men redn yidish. yidish iz undzer folkssprakh. ot iz geven a konferents in tshernovits, un der groyser shrayber perets hot geredt, un men hot bashlosn azoy un azoy... ikh bin geven a farbrenter hebreist... gegrindet kursn tsu lernen un redn ivrit. ikh hob shoyn geshribn ivrit un oykh gedrukt shirem in der kinder-tsaytung "ha|perakhim. ikh bin gevorn a groyser kegner fun yidish... * fort a yid keyn erets-yisroel... oyf der shif hot men undz fun odeser komitet gegebn a kleyn bikhele, zikh oystsulernen redn arabish... "salam alikum, kif khalak, vakhed, tinin, talate"... in gants erets-yisroel iz geven a kleyn bisele yidn. in tel-oviv zenen geven tsvey oder dray gasn mit dem sheynem binyen fun der gimnazye "hertsilia." in tel-oviv hot men geredt ivrit un mer rusish, un a bisl yidish. di talmidem fun der gimnazye hobn in di gasn geteylt tsetelekh: "ivri, daber ivrit." in yerusholaim hot men geredt oyf ale zibetsik shprakhn: frenkish, arabish, terkish, frantseyzish, english un azoy vayter. un oykh yidish un a bisl ivrit. ben-Yehuda hot nokh demolt aroysgegebn zayn tsaytung. bay di khsidem un in zeyere "yeshives" hot men geredt nor yidish. ikh hob gevoynt in a shtub, vu men hot geredt a galitsianer yidish. plutsem iz oysgebrokhn di ershte velt-milkhome. mir, in erets-yisroel, hobn veynik-vos gelitn fun der milkhome aleyn, ober mir zenen oysgeshtanen groyse tsores fun der terkisher regirung un gelitn hunger. dos land iz geven farshpart -- eyn yoytse ve|eyn bo. fun tomed iz di "khiyune" funem land, far yidn be|iker, gekumen fun khuts-loorets, fun trumes fun der gantser velt. mir hobn gelitn a sakh. geven a sakh hunger-korbones. un dafke in di shlekhte yorn hot ivrit oyfgelebt. s'hobn zikh geefnt shuln un ganey-yelodem oyf ivrit, etlekhe gimnazyes un a por seminarn far lerers un gananot. ikh hob ongehoybn shraybn lider un dertseylungen far kleyne kinder, dos land hot zikh tsezungen fun "rosh-pina biz kostina" oyf ivrit -- in dem prat hot erets-yisroel geblit, gevaksn fun zikh aleyn, oykh ivrit "sigsiga." * di velt milkhome hot zikh geendikt mit balfurs deklaratsye. yidn hobn ongehoybn bislekhvayz kumen keyn erets-yisroel. yidishe yidn, ober glaykh zenen zey gevorn ivrit|dik. ven Sholem ash iz gekumen un geredt farn kool yidish, hot men im sheyn oyfgenumen, ober az zhitlovski iz gekumen makhn propaganda far yidish, hot men im nisht gelozt efenen dos moyl. nokh der shoa, hot yidish zikh bazetst in land mit a togtsaytung, mit zhurnaln, mit teater forshtelungen un nokh un nokh. be|kitser -- lebn zol yidish in erets-yisroel land! fraytik oyf der nakht, oder shabes-tsu-nakhts farzamlen zikh gute fraynd oyf a "mesiba," gute fraynd fun der tsveyter un driter aliya. men farbrengt bay a glezele vayn un lekekh-gebeks, men knakt fistashkes un men dertseylt anekdotn. un oyb anekdotn -- iz nor oyf yidish. a vits nit in yidish hot gor keyn tam nit. un tomed gefint zikh a zinger oder a zingerin vos heybn on zingen "yismekhu hashomayim" un men geyt glaykh ariber tsu yidishe folkslider un ale helfn unter un men balekt zikh mit "reyzelen," "avromele melamed," "mikitka," oykh "kornblimelekh" biz itsik mangers "rabeynu tam." un men git a krekhts: -- akh, vi zis, vi hartsik iz mame-loshn!... * tsendliker yor in erets-yisroel iz mayn mame-loshn geshlofn -- un plotsem hot es zikh oyfgekhapt! durkh a tsufal hob ikh gezen a numer fun "kinder-zhurnal" vos geyt aroys in amerike, dortn iz gedrukt mayne a maysele "tsigele kapigele," ibergezetst fun y. goykhberg. sheyn ibergezetst. ikh leyn un hob hanoe. un ot vi ikh leyen, git mir epes a pik... mayn mame-loshn pikt mir: "anu, pruv, mayn kind, iberzetsn dayns a zakhele fun ivrit!" zets ikh zikh avek iberzetsn mayns a zakhele fun ivrit oyf mame-loshn. zetst zikh nisht... s'shraybt zikh gor... un gor andersh vi in ivrit... un s'shraybt zikh azoy laykht, azoy klor. ikh vunder zikh, fun vanen kumen tsu mir di yidishe verter vos yorn-lang hob ikh zey nit geredt, nit gehert, afile in zinen nit gehat. epes vi shmeterlingen, feygelekh, taybelekh kumen zey tsu flien un tsaplen zikh, un betn zikh bay mir: "nem mikh! khap mikh! shrayb mikh arayn in der maysele"... shrayb ikh on "di kleyne palmes" un shik tsum "kinder-zhurnal." entfert mir glaykh: "s'iz sheyn, shikt nokh!" shrayb ikh zey "Naftole geyt in shule" -- viln zey nokh. shik ikh zey "der marants," "a zis yor," "shekeydias geburtstog," "a meydele Yardena un a tsigele a kleyne," un nokh un nokh... lipe lehrer, der redaktor, shikt komplimentn mayn mame-loshn. oykh y. kaminski firt mir arayn in "kinder-zhurnal" un shraybt libe-briv tsu mayn mame-loshn. dos zelbe mit "argentiner beymelekh," un ikh shrayb un shik un druk -- kh'hob "erets-yisroel|dik" gemakht ale kinder-zhurnaln un kinder-vinklen... in yor 1961 geyt aroys in farlag "matones" mayn bukh _untern teytlboym_. oyfn efn-blat shrayb ikh: "tsum ondenk fun mayn mame rokhl -- mayn ersht bukh in mame-loshn." mayn mame hot gekent leyenen in taytsh-khumesh "tsenerene" nisht mer, ober zi flegt redn mit gramen... * mayn ersht bukh... nisht mer... der tsveyter, driter un nokh un nokh lign farshtekt, farshemt ergets in a shuflod. zey veln zen a mol shayn? un s'vilt zikh shraybn, s'bet zikh shraybn, dos mame-loshn benkt, dermont zikh in di gute tsaytn, un s'veynt zikh. shraybn... far vemen? "heyvi li bonim!" hot getaynet Rokhl imeynu... nishto keyn kinder far mayn mame-loshn... vos zol ikh ton far dir, mame-loshn, mayns? zol ikh zikh zetsn oyf a kleyn benkele un dir baklogn, baveynen? zol ikh onshraybn an "eykho yoshvo" ["vi iz geblibn zitsn aleyn di shtot fun fil folk...," eykho 1:1 -- l.p.] mit psukem nokhn seyder fun alef-beys un arayngisn in di trern di beste, shenste verter fun mayn mame-loshn? neyn! nokh nit baveynen! vos zhe zol ikh tun mit mayne ibergeblibene yidishe verter? fun mayne alte yidishe verter iz geblibn a bis-bisele. / glet ikh zey, kush ikh zey, farshlis ikh zey in a goldn nes-nisele. / "loyf-loyf, nisele, katshe zikh, kaykl zikh biz ek velt-veltele, / barg-aroyf, barg arop, vald-ayn, vald-oys tsu a yidish getseltele." ale mayne farblibene verter farshlosn in goldn nisele; / hoykh-hoykh in klorn loytern himl oysshtrekn zayn vays-tsart fligele / un farvign mayn shlisele -- ay-li-lyu-li -- vi in a kinds vigele. un efsher vet der liber malekh shvebn-flien mitn gildn shlisele -- / flyu-flyu-fli -- tsum yidish-getseltele, un efenen dos nes-nisele, / veln ale mayne yidishe verter-vunder, vunder, vunderlekh / oyflebn, oyfklingen oyf kheyn-lipelekh fun yidishe kinderlekh! efsher... 3)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 November 1998 From: Leonard Prager Subject: Levin Kipnis's "Mikhl mitn bikhl" Levin Kipnis. "Mikhl mitn bikhl," _Untern faygnboym_. Tel-Oviv: Yisroel-bukh, 1993, z. 159. [English title: Levin Kipnis. _Under the Fig Tree_]. ISBN 965-430-012-5. Levin Kipnis "Mikhl mitn bikhl" 1. Mikhl hot derhaltn a matone -- a sheyn bikhl. Dos bikhl iz geven 2. ful mit mayses. Mikhl hot geleynt un ibergeleynt ale 3. mayses. Kumt tsu im zayn khaver Deni un bet: 4. -- "Lay mir dayn bikhl, ikh vil leyenen." 5. Hot Mikhl nit gevolt im layen dos bikhl. 6. Ruft zikh on Deni: 7. "Vos hostu moyre, ikh vel opbaysn fun dem a shtikl? Kh'vel 8. aynshlingen di verter? 9. Un er iz avekgegangen. *** 10. Bay nakht kholemt Mikhl a kholem: 11. Er efnt zayn bikhl tsu leyenen. 12. Vi nor er hot geefnt dos bikhl, hobn zikh oyfgehoybn ale 13. verter un zenen aroysgefloygn funem bikhl. -- Azoy vi toybn 14. flien aroys fun a toybnshlak. In bikhl iz geblibn nor 15. vays-leydik papir - - - *** 16. Gants fri iz Mikhl oyfgeshtanen, gekhapt zayn bikhl un iz 17. gelofn un es derlangt zayn khaver Denin. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Key to Abbreviations adj. adjective adv. adverb art. article aux. v. auxiliary verb (zayn or hobn) conj. conjunction dim. diminuitive imp. imperative inf. infinitive n. noun p.ppl past participle poss. possessive prep. preposition pron. pronoun v. verb *words marked with asterisk belong to the Hebrew-Aramaic component and are thus not spelled phonetically Concordance of all the words in the story YIDDISH DEFINITION + Part of Speech LINE(S) WORD a 'a' [indefinite article] 1,7,10,14 ale 'all' 2,12 aroys 'out' [prep.] 14 aroysgefloygn 'flew away' [p. ppl.] 13 avekgegangen 'went away' [p. ppl.] 9 aynshlingen 'swallow' [v.] 8 azoy 'as' [conj.] 13 bay 'at' [prep.] 10 bet 'requests' [v. betn] 3 bikhl 'little book' [n.] [bukh/bikhl] 1,4,11,12,13,14,16 dayn 'your' [poss. pron.] 4 dem 'the' [definite article, accusative] 7 Deni 'Danny' [proper name] (not Dani) 3,6 Denin 'Danny' [proper name, dative] 17 derhaltn 'received' [p. ppl.] 1 derlangt 'gave' [v.] 17 di 'the' [def. art., plural] 8 dos 'the' [def. art., neut.] 1,5,12 efnt 'opens' [v.] 11 er 'he' [pron.] 9,11,12 es 'it' [pron.] 17 flien 'fly' ]v.] 14 fri 'early' [adj.] 16 ful 'full' [adj.] 2 fun 'from' [prep.] 7,14 funem 'from the' [prep+art] 13 gants "gants fri"='early in the morning' [adv.] 16 geblibn 'remained' [p. ppl.] 14 geefnt 'opened' [p. ppl.] 12 gekhapt 'grabbed' [p. ppl.] 16 geleynt 'read' [p. ppl.] 2 gelofn 'ran' [p. ppl.] 17 geven "(iz} geven" = 'was' [p. ppl.] 1 gevolt 'wished' [p. ppl.] 5 hobn [aux. v.] 12 hostu 'have you? [= host + du] 7 hot [aux. v.] 1,2,5,12 ibergeleynt [read' [p. ppl.] 2 ikh 'I' [pron.] 4, 7 im 'him' [pron.] 3, 5 in 'in' [prep.] 14 iz 'is' [aux. v.] 1, 9, 14, 16 kh'vel = ikh vel 'I will' [pron. + aux. v.] 7 khaver* 'friend; comrade' [n.] 3, 17 kholem* 'dream' [n.] 10 kholem|t* (he/she) dreams [v.] 10 kumt 'comes' [v.] 3 lay 'loan' [imp.] 4 layen 'to loan' [inf.] 5 leyenen 'read' [inf.] 4,11 matone* 'gift' [n.] 1 mayses* stories [n.] 2, 3 Mikhl Mikhl [name: Mikhe+ dim. l] 1, 2, 5, 10, 16 mir me [pron.] 4 mit with [prep.] 2 moyre* 'fear' [n.] 7 nakht ' night' [n.] 10 nit 'not' [adv.] 5 nor 'only' ('adv.} 14 on [zikh] on[rufn] adv. complement 6 opbaysn 'bite off' [v.] 7 oyfgehoybn 'gt up' [p.ppl.] 12 oyfgeshtanen 'woke up' [p. part] 16 papir 'paper' [n.] 15 ruft 'calls' [v.] 6 sheyn 'pretty' [adj.] 1 shtikl 'little piece' [shtik + l] 7 toybn 'doves' [n.] 13 toybnshlak 'dovecote' [n.] 14 tsu 'to' [prep.] 3, 11 un and [conj.] 2, 3, 9, 13, 16, 17 vays-leydik 'bare' [lit. 'white-empty'] 15 vel will [aux. v.] 7 verter 'words' [n.] 8, 13 vi 'like' [prep.] 13 vi nor 'just as' [= idiom] 12 vil 'will' [aux. v.] 4 vos 'which' [pron.] 7 zayn 'his' [poss. pron.] 3, 11, 16, 17 zenen [aux. v. 'to be'] 13 zikh 'self'[makes verbs intransitive/reciprocal] 6,12 ______________________________________________________ End of _The Mendele Review_ 03.018 Leonard Prager, editor Send articles to: lprager@research.haifa.ac.il The editor of _TMR_ can also be reached via _Mendele_'s homepage: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele Subscribers to _Mendele_ (see below) automatically receive _The Mendele Review_. Send "to subscribe" or change-of-status messages to: listproc@lists.yale.edu a. For a temporary stop: set mendele mail postpone b. To resume delivery: set mendele mail ack c. To subscribe: sub mendele first_name last_name d. To unsubscribe kholile: unsub mendele ****Getting back issues**** _The Mendele Review_ archives can be reached at: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmrarc.htm