_The Mendele Review_: Yiddish Literature and Language (A Companion to _MENDELE_) ______________________________________________________ Contents of Vol. 02.010 20 March 1998 1) Yiddish Matters: From the Editor (Leonard Prager) 2) "Viderkol," _Musernikes_ (Khayem Grade) 3) Subject: batkhonem-lider vi a zhaner in der yidisher folkstimlekhe literatur (Ariela Krasni) 1)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 20 March 1998 From: Leonard Prager Subject: Yiddish Matters In this issue 1. In this and the following seven issues we give, a section at a time, Khayem Grade's _poema_ "Musernikes." Readers who know little about the Musar movement, and especially its "maximalist" Novardok [Novogrudok] variety, would do well to familiarize themselves with this stream of Jewish thought and piety. There is a useful brief discussion and list of references in the _Encyclopaedia Judaica_ (vol. 12, cols. 534ff.). Interestingly, this entry quotes from our poem's striking opening lines as well as from Grade's "My Quarrel With Hersh Rasseyner" (in the translation in the Howe-Greenberg anthology of Yiddish short stories). An excellent way into the poem, too, is Mortkhe Shtrigler's lightly fictionalized "R' Yisroel Salanter shraybt a briv" (_Shmuesn mit der tsayt_, Buenos-Ayres: 1961, "Kium" Farlag, band tsvey, zz' 263-314). The text given here is that of the Vilna edition of 1939, which is also that of the text published in 1969 by the Department of Yiddish of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (together with "Mayn krig mit Hersh Raseyner"). "Musernikes" was first published in New York in January, 1938 in _Zamlbikher_ 3 and it is this text that is reprinted in Grade's _Doyres_ (New York 1945). To help the reader, I have prepared a list of persons who appear and another of persons referred to in the work; the names of most of the characters in the poem are fashioned after the name of their place of origin (Khayem Vilner is a lightly disguised Khayem Grade). The lines have been numbered for this _TMR_ edition of the poem. 2. In this issue we also give the table of contents and abstract of a doctoral dissertation written in Yiddish on a Yiddish theme at Bar-Ilan University. This is the second presentation of this kind (see _TMR_ vol. 1, no. 026 for the table of contents and abstract of David Katz's Yiddish dissertation on the "toytn-tants" theme). Ariela Krasni's dissertation is about to appear in book form in Hebrew. As early as 1996 the ms. of the book received the Pras Bikurim ('first-fruits prize') of the Israeli Department of Educations's National Council for Culture and Art, as well as a grant from Amo"s, Fund for Encouragement of Writers, Office of the President of Israel. The dissertation on which the book is based was presented at Bar-Ilan University in 1993. The book differs from the dissertation in a number of ways: it is in Hebrew; it is directed at a broad, non-specialist audience; two chapters have been added (From Wedding Scene to Printed Page; The Batkhn Discerned in His Creation); various indexes were added. In future issues Naye shriftn tsum nayem yor: _The Mendele Review_ un _Der Bavebter Yid_ prezentirn a b|shutfesdikn numer fun naye yidishe shafungen Rosheshone tshn"t/ sept 18-20, 1998. Shikt tsu ayere nisht-gedrukte manuskriptn: lider, dertseylungen, eseyen, zikhroynes. Manuskriptn veln derhaltn vern bizn 1tn yuli. Leonard Prager, _The Mendele Review_ Refoyl Finkel un Sholem Berger, _Der Bavebter Yid_ bergez01@popmail.med.nyu.edu 435 East 30th St., #1410 New York, NY 10016-8304 2)---------------------------------------------------------- Date: 20 March 1998 From: Itsik Goldenberg Subject: Musernikes (Khayem Grade) muser|nikes fun Khayem grade [1] viderkol ................................... ...160 lines [2] a toyte hant ...................................158 lines [3] kheshbm ha|nefesh ..............................199 lines [4] di birzhe ......................................208 lines [5] di muser|nikes geyen ...........................115 lines [6] borves .........................................316 lines [7] in gehenem oyf a keyt...........................367 lines [8] der orn-koydesh falt ...........................164 lines --------- 1,687 lines = total length di parshoynen [dramatis personae] a shvester "vos iz elter" babunitser / der babunitser der kurtser trokhnbroder / der langer trokhnbroder / Rakhmiel trokhnbroder der mekhutn "ergert zikh -- vos vart men mitn kinyen?" / "a sheyner shver" der ostrovoler / der hinkediker der rosh-yeshive der varshever di bas-yekhide / zi, dos meydl / dos tekhterl di kekhin Khaye "a yesoyme nebekh -- a rakhmones" di lomdem / di muser|nikes / baaley muser / bney toyre di psule / "un vos der psule shaykh -- iz nit shaykh, ir hot dokh ongekukt..." di rebetsin Dovid kapetkevitsher / der kapetkevitsher / "der oysgeputster lamdn" / "hot fun brisker goen smikhe" Khayem vilner / der vilner / a tam / "an arbe-kanfes|diker filosof in oysgedreyte shikh" khlavne Moyshe liber / der apikoyres reb Abe musernik / "a vilde boydemkats" Shloyme|le babunitser / der babunitser / "a tmimes|dike lam" Yoysef kovler / der Kovler * parshoynen vos vern dermont [persons alluded to] Abaye [Abbaye] '(278-338) amora, head of yeshiva of Pumbedita, Babylon' ben-Yishay 'son of Jesse (father of King David); i.e. the Messiah' brisker goen 'R. Khayem Soloveytshik [Hayyim Soloveichik] = R. Khayem Brisker (1853-1918), talmudist, central figure in Orthodox Jewry' darvin 'Charles Darwin' der kupishker "flegt zikh opgebn in gantsn"; "tsu unterdrikn zayn pakhdones, / flegt geyn in meysem-shtibl shlofn oyf di taare-breter" der rambam 'Maimonides' der "tashbets" '[R. Simeon Ben Zemakh Duran (1381-1444) = Tashbaz; author of _tashbetz_ = _teshuvot Shimon ben tsemakh_, responsa' di kritiker fun bibl di malokhem Efroyem Iyev," "a naketer vi 'naked as Job' Moyshe 'Moyshe rabeynu' rashba 'R. Shlomo ben Aderet, posek, 14th c.' reb Akive eyger 'Akive Eyger (1761-1837), talmudic scholar' reb Bekhaye '12th-c. author of _khoyves levoves_' reb Elazar ben dardaye "der grester noyef" reb Simkhe zisl '[Simkha Zissel Broida]; Musar leader' reb Yisroel dem salanter / [Yisroel salanter] [Israel Salanter] ritba '(c. 1250-1330) [R. Yom Tov Ben Avraham]; Spanish talmudist' Yerovom ben Nevot * muser|nikes [1] viderkol 001 der elul|diker regn roysht, di volkns tsien, 002 vi an eyde tsu a heyliker levaye. 003 s'iz fintster, un mayn harts hot zikh tseshrien, 004 vi in a khurve a faryogte khaye; 005 s'iz finster, un mayn harts hot zikh tseshrien 006 mitn nign fun bal-muser reb Bekhaye... 007 geshreyen hobn fun mayn tif aroyfgeshturemt, 008 un flatern arum mayn kop mit eyme, 009 shtey ikh a geshpanter, vi der vekhter oyfn turem, 010 vos hot derhert in khashkhes -- trit geheyme... 011 o, naketer, tsetsoygener geshrey, 012 o, koyles fun bagaysterung, o, shtimen horike, 013 ikh gey aykh nokh -- ikh gey 014 nokh der viderkol fun mayne elul-nekht farzibnyorike... * 015 in kloyz iz likhtik, shleferik un heys, 016 a reyikh vi fun kinderishe vindelekh -- a faykhter, 017 misht zikh oys mit zoyerkayt un shveys, 018 gedikhter shtoyb farvolknt di tseblitste laykhter, 019 tseshpritst dos gold oyf dem poroykhes, 020 far|dveyk|ete geshtaltn iber shtenderreyen, 021 heyzerik, aroysgeshlogn fun di koykhes, 022 fargeyen in geshreyen. 023 a makhne shpart zikh durkhn shmoln durkhgang fun di benk, 024 vi a yam durkh felzn -- tsu dem breg, 025 un hobn zey di mizrekh-vant farshvenkt, 026 khvalyen zey tsurik in mayrev-zayt avek. 027 a shure bokherem -- a mutne vaser-rine, 028 gist zikh durkh der breyt, fun tsofn-zayt -- tsu dorem, 029 un mitn shem-havaye oyf di penemer di grine, 030 shoklt men zikh bay dem tish ariber moser-sforem... 031 es kletern tsum himl oyfn eygenem geshrey -- di zin 032 fun ukraine, lite, poyln un volin... 033 der kurtser trokhnbroder halt zikh far di oyern, 034 khapt in moyl a posek, khazer|t im geshmak un kayt: 035 "hern hob ikh tsugehert Efroyem tut badoyern: 036 du host mikh geshtroft -- un ikh bin a geshtrofter"-- loyft er um un shrayt. 037 antkegn loyft der langer trokhnbroder, 038 der tales-kotn virblt arum im, 039 zayn ponem iz tsekneytsht, zayn rekl iz tseknodert, 040 un farshmodert iz zayn shtim. 041 er shlaydert mit di hent, vi er volt zikh getrunken: 042 "geystu nit aroyf -- muztu geyn arop", -- 043 iz er aropgezunken, 044 un shlogt tsunoyf zikh mit dem kurtsn kop tsu kop: 045 "geystu nit aroyf -- muztu geyn arunter", -- 046 der kurtser ober iz gezunter, 047 shrayt er hekher: "hern hob ikh tsugehert"; 048 zey shtoysn zikh, vi herner oyf a shmoln brik, 049 biz s'krikht in mitn durkh der ostrovoler, -- 050 varft zikh yeder in zayn zayt tsurik... 051 der ostrovoler iz a shmoler, 052 mit tsarte hent, a krankn fus un shvakhn guf, 053 oyf dare akslen zitst a kop a kantiker un groyser, 054 a pisk -- vos frest a gantsn ment|shn oyf; 055 oygn -- tunkele un heyse, 056 vos kukn fun a zayt oyf veltisher hanoe, -- 057 bahalt er oys zayn blik, zayn krankn fus, 058 un vayzt di kinbakn [kayers], vi bay a khaye-roe; 059 zayn ponem krimt zikh shtendik fun fardrus [fardros], 060 vi er volt opfiln in moyl a tam a bitern, 061 un ven er geyt di bokherem di yingere farbay, 062 nemen klingedike shtimen hekher tsitern. 063 -- varshever -- derlangt er fun a zayt a zog, di oygn opgevendt, 064 tsu a bokher|l, vos patsht far|dveyk|et, kloymer|sht, in di hent -- 065 varshever, ir halt in eyn farshpetikn tsum davnen, 066 haynt hot ir farzamt tsum shier, 067 men vet aykh kans|enen mit khaluke, -- 068 un er shlept avek zikh tsu der tir. 069 bay der kloyztir shteyt reb Abe, tsupt di bord far|moyekh|t. 070 a gantsn zumer zitst reb Abe oyf a boydem -- in hisboydedes; 071 elul kumt er dem bes-medresh opgebn zayn koyekh... 072 der ostrovoler iz nit oyfgeleygt un entfert oyfn kol im: 073 -- ir makht haynt far di yingere a vaad? 074 men hot gefunen in dem vilners kestl -- 075 reb Abe shpitst di kleyne oygn oys -- 076 a bukh!.. 077 der ostrovoler geyt aroys fun kloyz 078 farlangvaylikt, a beyzer un a mider. 079 reb Abe iz tsu lang gezesn bikhides, 080 shteyt er, glotst un goylem|t, biz er git a tsapl -- nemt zikh dreyen 081 tsvishn shtenders, lerner un geshreyen, 082 es glien zayne vilde shvartse oygn, 083 vi bay a nozer ersht gekumen fun di midber-zamdn -- 084 antkegn kumt im on a shtayfer, oysgetsoygn, 085 Dovid kapetkevit|sher -- der oysgeputster lamdn. 086 reb Abe muser|nik derfilt a sine: 087 frant, dem tales-kotn halt er a farshtektn in di hoyzn, 088 a shidekh vil er davke mit tsen toyznt; 089 er vayzt far alemen zayn groysn zeyger, 090 fardreyt di yingere di kep mit kharef|dike shayles, 091 zey viln beser hern zayns a pilpl oyf a reb Akive eyger, 092 eyder lernen muser b|hispayles... 093 shuldik iz der rosh-yeshive -- vil zikh vayzn far damir un radn, 094 az er hot oykhet bekies in gants shas, 095 az zayner a yeshive-man ken oykh bakumen nadn. 096 reb Abe, ful mit kaas, 097 tsit vi drot zayn bord di pekhike, 098 biz zayne oygn shpitsike un shtekhike, 099 bafaln Shloyme|le babunitser - a tmimes|dike lam. 100 a bokher|l keyn tsvantsik yor nit, 101 halt er in di hent zayn ponem ayngeramt, 102 di ongetrerte oygn zeen gornit, 103 un khlipet mit a kindish reyner shtime: 104 "der iker iz in ment|shns lebn -- arbetn oyf zikh aleyn" 105 reb Abe kvelt: an oyle-tmime... 106 a bisl vayter, bay der vant, zitst khlavne, 107 shmeykhlt klug, un lernt muser b|hispayles -- shtil. 108 a kop hot er a zeltenem, zogt toyre, 109 zayn nign geyt nit iber in gebril, 110 zayn shtilkayt -- in a moreshkhoyre... 111 reb Abe brumt: er hot oyf alts a heter, 112 ken poylish, iz a bal-tnakh, 113 er hot geleyent bleter, 114 veys er verter veltishe a sakh, 115 un der -- zol vern es dem rosh-yeshive|s eydem! 116 der oylem hot im, dem metsuyen, shtark nit lib; 117 er vet tsurik avekgeyn oyfn boydem -- 118 klert reb Abe ongekhmuret [ongekhmaret], trib -- 119 oyb der - vet vern der bal-deye in bes-medresh... 120 reb Abe git a glet a bokher|l fun kovel: 121 -- vos zitst ir, Yoysef, az der eybershter meg zikh derbaremen, 122 tsunoyfgedreyt far|moreshkhoyre|t, vi an ovl? 123 lernt muser -- vet ir zikh dervaremen... 124 mit a mol derzet er: s'shteyt der vilner bay der bime, 125 dermont reb Abe zikh on bukh in kestl -- -- -- 126 dokh shmeykhlt er... un Khayem vilner hert a zise shtime: 127 -- vos makht ir, vilner? -- un azoy, gor on a meyn, 128 farrukn zikh tsvey finger in zayn vestl: 129 -- vos iz es, ha? -- a kemele, 130 dertsu a shpigele mit a bagildtn remele! 131 fayn, -- farkrimt zikh der bal-muser, un er git tsu shtreng: 132 -- nokh mayrev makhn mir a vaad, -- 133 un farshvindt tsevishn di bazetste benk. 134 Khayem vilner blaybt farkhusht, - 135 er hot in gantsn nit gedenkt, 136 az ven di mame hot mit trern im gekusht, 137 hot zi arayngeleygt a keml in zayn vestl-keshene. 138 er falt tsu mit zayn shtern tsu di bime-kep di meshene -- 139 ersht itst hot er dershpirt s'ar a farbitener 140 er iz gevorn in der kurtser tsayt, -- 141 elnt kukt er zikh arum, vi fun a shifbrokh a gelitener, 142 aroysgevorfn oyf a breg in vister vayt... 143 un s'kletern tsum himl oyfn eygenem geshrey -- di zin 144 fun ukraine, lite, poyln un volin... * 145 Khayem vilner in navaredker yeshive, shnas tara"ts [1930/1931] 146 vi ale bokherem hot er an arbe-kanfes biz di kni getrogn, 147 un reb Abe muser|nik -- a vilde boydemkats, 148 hot afile oyf di troymen in zayn shlof gehat tsu zogn... 149 khotsh er iz alt geven koym tsvantsik yor, 150 hot er -- azh blaykh fun ernst -- oysgezen vi draysik; 151 er hot a zump in zikh gefunen oyf der vor, 152 un vi an ekhter muser|nik oyf zikh gearbet flaysik. 153 er hot gehert, vi fun der vayt -- zayn blut, 154 azoy vi dos geroysh fun vaytn frilingdikn vaser; 155 er iz geshlofn oyf a kloyzbank in a hut, 156 fun tog gevorn ayngehaltener un blaser. 157 reb Abe iz geven a vilde boydemkats, 158 un er -- an arbe-kanfes|diker filosof in oysgedreyte shikh, 159 Khayem vilner in navaredker yeshive shnas tara"ts -- 160 dos bin ikh... 3)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 20 March 1998 From: Leye Krikun Subject: batkhonem-lider vi a zhaner in der yidisher folkstimlekhe literatur (Ariela Krasni) Ariela krasni batkhonem-lider vi a zhaner in der yidisher folkstimlekhe literatur [doktorat, bar-ilan universitet, ramat-gan, 1993] [English title: Batkhonim Songs as a Literary Genre in Jewish Popular Literature] kurtser inhalt der yidisher batkhn-leyts, a fraye geshtalt in zayn tokh, hot gevandert in mitlelter in di vegn tsuzamen mit andere kinstler fun andere felker. er hot nit ongenumen di romen fun gezelshaftlekhe oder religyeze normes, un a sakh fun zayne kharakterizirungen zenen geven karnavale. zayendik a shtikl tarte desasre kinstler, iz er bavirkt gevorn fun di minhogem un lebnsshteyger fun der kristlekher svive un hot mitgebrakht inem yidishn geto fremde elementn. di dozike efenung fun a fentster in der kristlekher velt hot arayngebrakht a khvalye fun fremde veltlekhe shafungen in der yidisher gas. s'iz nit keyn vunder, az di gaystike onfirer hobn gefirt a kamf kegn dem batkhn-leyts un gepruvt im shtern, ober nit matsliekh geven. di daytshishe leytsim, di "narn," hobn gevirkt oyf di yidishe leytsim say legabe oyserlekhe efektn vi kleydung oder tseteylung oyf grupes (16tn yorhundert), say legabe dem kharakter fun zeyere forshtelungen -- di farses. der barimter klaun "arlekino" fun der "komedye del'arte" hot gefunen zayn veg tsum "purim-shpil." er iz mashpie geven oyfn batkhn-leyts vos hot zikh antviklt fun an individueler geshtalt, vos ir frayhayt iz tsaytnvayz geven oyf der grenets fun hefker, in a teyatraler geshtalt mit a komisher funktsye un eygnshaftn fun improvizatsye. zayendik a tsuherer tsu di vibratsyes un kulturele antviklungen un ofn tsu enderungen, iz der batkhn-leyts ariber gilgulim un enderungen tsupasndik zikh tsu di badingungen un goyrmem. azoy iz er baaynflust gevorn fun der revolutsye, vos di renesans-bavegung hot geshafn, punkt vi zi hot baaynflust di yidishe gezelshaft un di kristlekhe. di bavegung fun humanizm hot bafrayt dem mentshn fun der kirkh, im geshtelt inem tsenter fun der velt un geefnt far im ale kulturele romen. dos kirkhlekhe teyater, vos zayn repertuar iz geven a religiez-didaktisher, hot zikh geendert un oyf zayn bine hobn ongehoybn tsu dershaynen fraye, tanakhishe pyeses. in fustrit fun di dozike enderungen hobn zikh ongehoybn tsu antviklen farsheydene sortn "purim-shpiln," un oyf a paraleln oyfn hot zikh antviklt der batkhn-leyts vi a komishe geshtalt -- "komishe perzon." di dozike leytsishe geshtalt hot adaptirt kharakterizirungen fun farsheydene leytsim, afile oyb zey zenen gekumen fun a svive, in velkher ire normes zenen geven fremd legabe der geshtalt. inem 16tn yorhundert hobn ongehoybn mashpie tsu zayn naye gaystike koykhes oyf der yidisher gezelshaft, vos hobn baaynflust dos yidntum bizn sof 19tn yorhundert. der batkhn-leyts hot zikh tsugepast tsu di naye badingungen, ober nit geendert zayn identifikatsye. der protses fun zayn kristalizirung is ongekumen tsu der endgiltiker form in 19tn yorhundert vi an ambivalente geshtalt -- batkhn un leyts: ir ershte helft -- a lomdishe ernst-magidishe geshtalt, un ir tsveyte helft -- a lekherlekhe, laykhtzinike un farvaylerishe geshtalt. mir gloybn az batkhonem-lider zenen an ekskluziver zhaner in der yidisher folks-literatur, un mir viln bavayzn undzer meynung durkh batsiungen tsu fir tkhumem: a. mir hobn ibergekukt farsheydene teoryes fun gelekhter kedey tsu forshn dem mahus fun badkhonishn gelekhter, un s'hot zikh aroysgevizn, az dos gelekhter fun a batkhn iz tsuzamengeshtelt, punkt vi zayn geshtalt, fun farsheydene elementn un alerley aspektn, velkhe zenen gefirt in tsvey vegn, vos shpiglen op zayn mahus: 1. der leytsisher veg, vos kharakterizirt dos gelekhter vi a karnavale, khaotishe un fardorbene gelekhter, vos zayne vortslen shtamen fun dianisishn kult, un vos s'iz faran in im a bager tsu tsetreyslen dem gezelshaftlekhn seyder un zayne gezetsn. 2. der ernst-lomdisher veg, vos kharakterizirt dos gelekhter vi a konstruktiver faktor vos shtromt tsuzamen mit di organizirte un stabile sistemen fun di mitsves. b. forshung fun di kinstlerishe komponentn in di batkhonem-lider hot gevizn, az di poetik fun di lider iz an ekskluzive in di romen fun der folks-literatur. ir boyletste kharakterizirung iz der shprakhlekher oysdruk, vos iz a spetsyeler in zayn gevenlekhkayt. di dozike shprakh iz bederekh-klal nit andersh in ir nive fun der vokhediker shprakh fun "amkhe." a tsugablekhe kharakteristik iz der element fun loshn-koydesh. men kon derkenen in farsheydene shtaflen fun batsiung tsum element -- ven der stil vert gemeyner, vert faroremt di tsol fun psukem, un zeyer shprakh vert deformirt. tsvishn di prozodishe dershaynungen iz der gram der farshpreytster element un in im iz faran a klang-iberkhazerung, velkhe ekzistirt tsulib dem gezets funem verter-shpil, un velkhe iz shaykh tsu di klolem fun geher, vos zenen kharakteristish farn kinstler, vos tret aroys oyf a mindlekhn oyfn. c. der batkhn vi an "ikh," vos hot zayne ibertsaygungen, identifitsirt zikh mit zayn funktsye vi an aktyor, nor ven zi dint vi a fundament tsu realizirn zayne hoypt-tsiln. vos iz shaykh di batsiungen batkhn-publikum -- zenen say der batkhn-aktyor, say zayn publikum aktive goyrmem in dem kinstlerishn tsunoyftref. zey zenen ophengik eyner funem tsveytn, shafndik a sheferishn krayz un gebndik di sheferishe shpayz eyner dem tsveytn durkh dem teyatraler energye. deriber zenen der farshtand fun publikum, zayne baderfenishn, zayne shtimungen, zayne tsiln un zayn natur nit veyniker vikhtik vi zayn bakant mit di kinstlerishe printsipn un tekhnishe protsesn. d. fun forshn di nit-shprakhlekhe komunikative mitlen (batkhn-publikum) -- mimik, muzik, farmaskirung un grimirung -- hobn mir gelernt, az di dozike mitlen zenen sistemen fun simonem, velkhe farbindn tsvishn dem publikum un der shafung. zey zenen nit veyniker vikhtik fun di shprakhlekhe mitlen. der batkhn darf hershn iber ale aspektn un zayn greyt zikh tsu banutsn mit zey oyf der bine. er darf zikh rekhenen mit di vizuele komponentn lemoshl kleydung un maskes, mimik un bavegungen. derfar hobn mir take gefunen a sakh batkhonem, velkhe hobn genutst di dozike mitlen kedey aribertsufirn naye materyaln tsu zeyer publikum. vibald der farvayler iz mekuyem bederekh-klal a direkte farbindung mitn publikum, redt tsu im un shtelt for spetsyel far im -- zenen di verter zeyer vikhtik, di intonatsye, de zhestn, de havaye un di muzik -- dos alts shtelt tsunoyf a harmonishe shprakh, velkhe banutst der batkhn-leyts un de andere bine-aktyorn vi a teyatraler medyum. toykhn ho|inyonem kurtser inhalt araynfir 1 - 6 kapitl eyns: gelekhter in lider fun batkhonem in shaykhes tsu farsheydene teoryes oyf der teme. 1. vos iz gelekhter a. der kharakter fun gelekhter.............................8 - 13 b. di komishe efektn......................................14 - 19 c. dos gelekhter fun batkhn...............................20 - 28 2. komizm vi a dianisisher element a. der karnaval vi a tsentrale dershaynung in der komisher velt.......................29 - 33 b. di farbindung tsvishn kult un teater in der eyropeisher kultur.......................34 - 40 c. di farbindung tsvishn kult un teater in der yidisher mesoyre.........................41 - 45 3. di geshtalt fun komishn kinstler a. kharakteristishe eygnshaftn............................46 - 50 b. zayn ort in der gezelshaft.............................51 - 56 c. der batkhn in komisher geshtalt........................57 - 63 4. der gezelshaftlekh-kultureler tsuzamenhang fun gelekhter a. dos gelekhter vi a gezelshaftlekher dershaynung.............................................64 - 70 b. di gezelshaftlekhe funktsyes fun gelekhter...............................................71 - 75 c. der ernst-lekherlekher batkhn in tsenter fun tsayt-gezelshaftlekhe geshenishn..............................................76 - 84 kapitl tsvey: di lider fun batkhonem vi a yidishe ekskluzive dershaynung -- a rezultat fun der tsayt 1. di vortslen fun batkhn-leyts a. in yidishe mekoyrem.....................................86 - 93 b. di metamorfoze fun geshtalt in farsheydene formen, in farsheydene lender un in farsheydene nemen..........................94 - 104 2. di kristalizirung fun der batkhn- geshtalt durkh: a. oyserlekhe faktorn -- kristlekhe hashpoes...............................................105 - 114 b. inerlekhe faktorn -- di tkufe fun muser un der bli fun muser-sforem......................115 - 125 3. di poezye fun batkhonem vakst aroys funem folk; di intelektuale meyukhesem batsien zikh tsu ir vi tsu a nideriker shafung un dervaytern zi fun zikh......................126 - 135 4. poezye fun batkhonem vi a nayive poezye; ire inhaltn shpiglen op dos lebn fun "amkhe" -- aktualye, minhogem, vekedoyme...............136 - 146 5. di hashpoe fun der "komedye del'arte" oyf farsheydene elementn in di batkhonem-lider.........147 - 156 kapitl dray: der batkhn vi a fil-shikhtike geshtalt 1. fun der karnavaler khoyzek-geshtalt biz der ernst-lamdonisher geshtalt funem batkhn a. purim-shpil............................................158 - 165 b. khasenes...............................................166 - 173 2. der batkhn vi an onfirer fun khasene- tseremonyes -- a talmid-khokhem, vos iz a boke in halokhes, minhogem un muser-sforem...........174 - 187 3. der batkhn vi a mekhaber fun populerer poezye, vos shpiglt op di baderfenishn fun zayne leyner: vi a gezelshaftlekher kritiker un vi a kval fun informatsye un nays.................................188 - 199 4. der batkhn vi a trubador un aktyor, vos shtelt for zayne shafungen in vayn-kelers -- a populerer farvayler.....................100 - 216 5. der batkhn vi a folks-zinger, vos drikt oys zayn kunst durkh tsvey funktsyes -- zingen un zogn..............................217 - 234 6. di lider fun bakhn vi psure-onzoger fun folkstimlekhn teyater................................226 - 234 kapitl fir: di batsyungen kinstler-publikum fun batkhn 1. dos "ikh" fun batkhn, vos hot zayne eygene ibertsaygungen un vos nit tomed identifitsirt zikh mit zayne tsiln...................236 - 245 2. der batkhn vos trogt a maske...............................246 - 253 3. der batkhn vi a direkter tsuzamenbinder tsvishn dem publikum un der shafung.............................................254 - 263 4. di opvishung fun der mekhitse tsvishn batkhn un publikum.........................................264 - 272 5. der publikum vi an aktiver goyrem inem tsunoyftref, vi a shutef funem batkhn in zayn shafung un vi a teyl fun shafungs-krayz, vos dermeglekht der teyatraler energye tsu shtromen........................273 - 280 kapitl finf: kinstlerishe komponentn in di lider fun batkhonem 1. poetik fun batkhonem-lider in farbindung mit der folkstimlekher literatur................282 - 288 2. konventsyes a. tsentrale teme -- di khasene un ire tseremonyes............289 - 294 b. di oysnitsung fun di zelbe temes: gezelshaftlekhe hipokrize, modernizatsye, di koolshe-tuer-royber ukhedoyme..........295 - 302 c. muzik tsugepast tsum tekst................................303 - 307 3. improvizatsye vi a vikhtiker element in der batkhonem-poezye............................308 - 315 4. diglosye un ire vertn -- dos vokhedike yidish ayngeflokhtn in loshn-koydesh.............316 - 327 5. prozodishe dershaynungen...................................328 - 345 bibliografye kurtser inhalt oyf hebreish toykhn inyonem oyf hebreish kurtser inhalt oyf english toykhn inyonem oyf english ______________________________________________________ End of _The Mendele Review_ 02.010 Leonard Prager, editor The editor of _TMR_ can also be reached via _Mendele_'s homepage: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele Subscribers to _Mendele_ (see below) automatically receive _The Mendele Review_. Send "to subscribe" or change-of-status messages to: listproc@lists.yale.edu a. For a temporary stop: set mendele mail postpone b. To resume delivery: set mendele mail ack c. To subscribe: sub mendele first_name last_name d. To unsubscribe kholile: unsub mendele ****Getting back issues**** _The Mendele Review_ archives can be reached at: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/tmrarc.htm