_The Mendele Review_: Yiddish Literature and Language (A Companion to _MENDELE_) ______________________________________________________ Contents of Vol. 01.023 15 October 1997 Uriel Weinreich's Dictionary Issue -- Part Two 2) Tsum yidish fun morgn (Mordkhe Schaechter) [continued] **** A biz gor interesanter gang fun MEYYED is dos derhayntikn dem taytsh fun a dialektvort vos se halt in fargesn vern. Azoy arum vert meglekh me zol dos vort nitsn oykh haynt in a modernem, hayntikn taytsh. _raytvegele_, a shteyger, iz a poylish-yidishe furemung un iz taytsh 'velosiped'. Mir gefinen es in di verk fun: Sh. Berlinski, Y. Bashevis, Z. Diamant un andere. Vayter vi di beletristik iz dos vort ober nit avek. In der zhurnalistik, in lernbikhlekh iz er nit arayn, bemeyle iz es in a sakone avektsukumen. Banayt es MEYYED vi a termin tsu batseykhenen dos naye formitl, vos mir rufn bederekh-klal mit zayn englishn nomen: _skuter_. In tokh arayn khazert zikh do di geshikhte iber. Der ershter semantisher iberdruk is geven fun _raytvogn_ 'alttsaytik formitl' tsu _raytvegele_ 'velosiped', bishaso a naye formitl. Atsind modernizirt MEYYED vayter dem taytsh tsu _skuter_, dos heyst a nayerer formitl. A shprakh tor dokh nit shteyn oyf an ort. Shprakhike farglivertkayt is a simen toyt. Oder nemt dos vort _tsogn_ 'vashn (un kemen) di meydlekhs hor (erev shabes)'. Se halt haynt in nit vern. Shikn mir dem leyener op tsu di zukhverter _tsvog_, _tsvogvaser_, _moyekh-tsvog_ in MEYYED, kdey tsu zen vi azoy do vert arayngeblozn a ruekh-khayem in an alt, optretndik vort. Dos opgelakhte folksvort _gezelnshaft_ vert afile fun der folkshprakh aroysgeshtupt durkhn "korektn" (vayl nentern tsu daytshish) _gezelshaft_. Se felt dokh ober oys a vort far _commonwealth_. Hot Dr. Maks Vaynraykh -- ongeshpart in _der gezeln_ 'mitforer, mittuer' -- genumen nitsn _gezelnshaft_ far ot dem nayem bagrif un MEYYED rekomendirt es alemen. Gingoldene poshet-folkishe verter vos MEYYED tsit oyf zey undzer oyfmerk: _oviren_ (Noyekh Prilutskis a libling); _oyspletn_; _ile_ (Glatshteyn), _ile mol_; _ire_ 'perzonen'; _onkreytik_ (Grade); _bredyen_; _geglikhn tsu_; _gevern_ (13), _gever_ 'gedoyer' _geshlider_ (14); _traktir_; _trits_; _lepish_ (Shteynbarg); _kempe_ (Mendele, Opatoshu); _kraytish_; _rikhteven_ (Mendele); _rits royt_: _shvorem_, _shlegish_ (Prilutski, Gininger). Mit der hilf fun MEYYED iz do a shtikl hofenung khotsh, az di verter veln vider derlebn a breyter genitstkayt. MEYYED kert zikh oft mol dayke tsu der folksforme, tsu folks-etimologishe iberfuremungen un ibertaytshungen, vos dos farzhurnalistevete loshn undzers hot oyf zey bitldik aropgekukt: _ibergeresht_; _heybmuter_; _tretar_; _nam_ (litvish un ukrainish); _freg_; _kler_; _remates_; _rendar_ (A.B. Gotlober, Sholem-Aleykhem, Tsunzer, Linetski un andere). Di amolike moyre far slavizmen iz shoyn haynt oykh oyver-zman, bemeyle vern rehabilitirt: _plen_, _plenik_ un azoy vayter. Ver se vil visn dem faktishn, rayeln aroysred fun loshn-koydesh-komponentike verter, nit dayke alpi hebreishn dikduk, nor alpi dos historish gevaksenem yidishn aroysred, darf a kuk ton in MEYYED unter: _veho-raye_, _yasher-koyekh_, _koyen_, _ayen-hore_ un dem glaykhn. Bikhlal zenen Yudl Marks verter vegn Lepin-Sotenevern mit gevise bavorenishn giltik oykh oyf Uriel Vaynraykhn: "Me ken zogn, az der yires-hakoved farn vokhedikn geredtn yidish un far dem poshetn reyder fun yidish shtaygt iber dem yires-hakoved farn posek."(15) GIMEL. Dos oyflebn arkhaizmen Dos oyflebn shoyn fun lang fargesene verter iz bay ale kulturfelker a balibt mitl fun shprakh-baraykherung. Vegn hebreish iz dokh opgeredt, ober afile in english zenen fun lang opgeshtorbene verter oyfgeshtanen tkhiyes-hameysim. Oykh in hayntikn yidish, oyb s'iz nito kayn vort for _bailiff_, is nit meyn vi rekht mekhaye-meysim tsu zayn _vozne_, vos in 16tn yor hundert iz es geven a geyik yidish vort (16). Di yidishe shprakh iz dokh mer vi di sume fun di verter, vos du un ikh nitsn. Oykh der zeyde un der elter-elter-zeyde hobn a kheylek un a nakhle in mame-loshn. Verter fun der alter literatur meg men un darf men banayen oyb zey feln undz oys. MEYYED farmogt etlekhe tsendling oyfgelebte arkhaizmen: _oyfrir_; _umteyderl_; _urtl_ (17) un derfun di derivatn _farurtlen_ un _farurtl_; _akhpern_ mit di derivatn _akhperung_, _akhperkayt_, _akhperdik_, _akhperlekh_; _ashlekh_; _bortn_ (18) _basheydlekh_; _bkhir_; _bayshtidl_; _gvaldglok_; _gevinen_ 'hobn (a kind)'; _gezeln_ 'mitforer' (19); _gefenkenish_; _geshteyn akegn_; _hofung_ (banayt oykh in Sutskevers lider); _hoyern_ -- in a modernizirtn taytsh, vi a termin fun flieray; _higlendish_ (20); _vozne_; _vorhaftik_; _voyner_ -- mit an ayngeengtn taytsh; _vidmenen zikh_; _visik_ un _visikayt_ (21); _vegsman_ un _vegskleyder_ un dertsu nokh a neologizm _vegstshek_; _zenftikn_; _tuung_; _tener_ (22), _yashrones_ (23); _logl_; _lokern_ un derfun der _loker_; _lugn_; _lefts_; _modish_; _mekhule_; _mern (zikh)_; _di nider_; _naymodish_; _nayert_; _di ine_, _nemen oyf der ine_; _ekdish_; _paslones_, _farhoyln_; _forkht_; _farlendn_ un derfun a nayvort _farlendik_; _fun vegn_ (24); _frukhpern zikh_; _frid_; _tsvishnsheyd_; _kurts fun der zakh_ (25); _kintslekh_ (26); _kestikn_; _rot_; _rekhtfartik_; _shalkhaftik_; _shonkayt_; _tafsn_. Teyl fun ot di verter zenen shoyn gants populer in der hayntiker literatur-shprakh -- (_nayert_, _lefts_, _farlendn_, _lokern_ un azoy vayter -- di andere veln ober, hofn mir, popularizirt vern, a dank MEYYED. DALED. Neologizmen Nor a toyt loshn darf meyn nit hobn keyn nayverter; se ken dokh mer nit vaksn. Inem banem fun Uriel Vaynraykhn, geveyntlekh, iz yidish a vital, vaksndik un vakserish loshn, vos me darf in im kenen shraybn nit nor zikhroynes fun der alter heym un partey-politishe polemikn, nayert oykh vegn kosmos-farshung, vegn psikhologye un filosofye. Iz take MEYYED an emeser oytser fun neologizmen. Koydem dem "elter-zeydns," Sh. Etingers, khidushim: _araynkum_, _zukhtsetl_. Dernokh di klasikers: Mendeles _vayzgebung_; Peretses _ergetsland_, _klingvort (popularizirt durkh Ravitshn) un _kemerl_ -- a vort vos di yidishe shul-bavegung in mizrekh eyrope hot es bishate untergekhapt, ober vos in der shprakh-opgeshtanener Amerike iz es nokh in der bkhine fun a nayvort. Fun Lifshitsn tsivshn andere: _opgos_, _varflke_, _firvorf_, _firgerikht_. Fun Zhitlovskin: _oyfmerk_, _oyseynen_, _eybershaft_ un azoy vayter. Fun Tshemerinskin (Reb Mordkhele): _traf_, an ibergetaytsht kheyder-vort, vos in der lingvistisher un pedagogisher litertur hot zikh es zeyer ongenumen, ober vos a sakh beletristn iz es tsum badoyern nokh adayem umbavust. Fun Z. Kalmenovitshn: _besodik_, _zitsik_, _kegener_. Fun Leyvikn -- di haynt shoyn zeyer populere _oyfkum_, _umkum_. Fun Opatoshun: _kristikn_. Fun Yuda A. Yofen: _mitsaytler_. Fun Yakhinsonen: _tsaytfarbreng_. Fun Z. Reyzenen: _leftsung_. Fun Prilutskin: _dreymzitser_ (folksvort?) un _aroysred_, vos _Der groyser verterbukh fun der yidisher shprakh_ (untern zukhvort _oysshprakh_) farekhnt es alpi toes far Yudl Marks an oyftu. Fun Dr. Sh. Birnboymen: _gevisiker_ artikl, _kegnshtelikayt_, _shistureml_. Fun Glants-Leyelesn: _turemen_, _raketeray_. Fun Leybush Lehrern: _opruf_, _oyffir-furem_. Fun Dr. Sh. Biklen: _tsuderzakhik_. Fun Yakov Glatshteynen: A tsol _zikh_-tsunoyfheftn, _mamen_ (verb). Fun Yudl Markn: _gleybekhts_, _fardarb_. Fun A. Sutskevern: _kent_, _ratever_. Fun Efroyim Oyerbakhn: _dankshaft_. Fun Volf Yuninen: _oyfraysshpits_, _zitsl_, _gulmat_. Fun B.Z. Goldbergn: _shvimeray_ 'shvimbaseyn'. Fun M. Kligsbergn: _epokhedik_. Fun Dr. M. Shekhtern: _abanir-gelt_, _bankeray_, _kosmosnik_. Fun Tutshinskis a dertseylung: _pral ofn_. Der grester oyftuer fun nayverter in yidish ker zayn Maks Vaynraykh. Di terminologye fun lingvistik, psikhologye, sotsialogye un azoy vayter -- kumt im a dank far hunderter nutsike khidushim vos er hot mekhadesh geven (27). Zaynen take in MEYYED arayn a shlal neologizmen Maks Vaynraykhs, bifrat az tsvishn zayne talmidim un khsidim iz zayn zun Uriel fort geven der getrayster. Sovetizmen: _baner_, _ivredik_, _umivredik_, _parteyer_, _kolvirt_, _roykhshleyer_, _redkolegye_, _shlogler_. Neologizmen un internatsyonalizmen fun der yidishe prese zenen: _onfli_ (Ratn-Farband un Poyln); _veter-novi_; _levonele_; _mariner_ (28); _narkoman_; _eskalirung_ (29); _kampanyeven_; _shtern-flier_; _shpitsn-konferents_ -- a vort vos se hot zikh ongenumen in ale yishuvim (30) nit gekukt oyf Marks pruv es optsufregn. Fun der terminologye vos di yidishe shul-bavegung in Poyln, Ratn-Farband, Lite and Letland hobn ayngeshtelt far farsheydene visnshaftn: _bashtoybung_, _blumenshtoyb_, _shtoybfodem_, _bekherbletl_; _shleyerl_, _goyleml_, _kopekl_, _roytheldzl_; _makhshir_ (in yidish biz yamolt bloyz beloshn rabim: _makhshirim_); _baytaykh_; _vifler_, _teyler_, _keyfler_, _funtsentrish_, _tsumtsentrish_. Punkt vi ale yidishe lingvistn, hot Uriel Vaynraykh gehaltn a velt funem ershtklasikn verterbikhl vos baym sof fun Shloyme Birnboyms ershtklasiker gramatik; hot er itlekhs vort un itlekhn taytsh fun dort aribergefirt in MEYYED. Dos eygene -- mitn shprakhvarg vos in Birnboyms ortografishn verterbikhl (31). Emervayz hot Uriel Vaynraykh geshept dem altn gutn vayn vos in Lifshitses verterbikher. Azoy oykh fun Harkavin un funem _Oytser fun der yidisher shprakh_. Er hot neene geven fun der yuridisher terminologye vos zi hot zikh beshate ayngeshtelt in Ratn-Farband (32); in di teg ven mame-loshn iz dort geven bivkhines melukhe-shprakh. Fun dort hot er lemoshl batsoygn _toyveye_, _nitbe_ un andere gute verter. Zeyer gevornt un gevisndik hot er oysgeshtimt zayne firleygn mit di terminologishe materyaln vos der shrayber fun di shures hot ongeklibn oyfn feld fun yurisprudents, kosmos-forshung, transportatsye, milkhome-firung, natur-visnshaft un azoy vayter. Oykh oyftuen fun stam yidn zenen khoshev. A leyner funem zhurnal _Yidish far ale_ hot, vi a farbayt farn polonizm _elektrovnye_, gehat firgeleygt _elektray_ (33), a vort vos se past zikh gut arayn in der serye _bekeray_, _garberay_ un azoy vayter, hot Uriel Vaynraykh es entuziastish arayngenumen in MEYYED vi a sinonim tsu _elektrishe kraftstantsye_. Zeltn tsu gefinen emetsn vos hot azoy gehaltn fun mikol melamday haskoloti, vi der mekhaber fun dem verterbukh. Er hot neene geven funem loshn fun di amolike vilner kinder un fun di hayntike nyu-yorker kinder -- zayne eygene un zayne khaverims: _sam-bletlekh_, _fingershikh_. Fun khevre yugntrofistn, vider, hot er genasht _zingeray_ -- a montreoler neologizm. Di yidishe shprakh farmogt a guzme substantivn oyf _-ekhts_, vos batseykhenen a substants: _zegekhts_, _shmirekhts_. S'iz genug a kuk tsu ton bay Lifshitsn -- hunderter derivatn oyf _-ekhts_, iz ven MEYYED hot gedarft fartaytshn _additive_, _lotion_, _repellant_, _rinse_, _sedative_, _seepage_, _solder_, _spray_, _stimulant_, _suntan lotion_, _sweepings_, _tranquilizer_ hot men oygenitst ot dem mishkl un se hobn zikh bakumen: _tsugebekhts_, _aynraybekhts_, _optraybekhts_, _shvenkekhts_, _aynshtilekhts_, _rinekhts_, _leytekhts_, _shpritsekhts_, _minterekhts_, _zunshmirekhts_, _kerekhts_, _baruekhts_. Di shefe in neologizmen -- a rezultat, vi dermont, fun der konfrontirung mit an ander kulturshprakh -- ken men zen fun di substantivn oyf _-varg_: _oyfraysvarg_, _aroysvarg_, _araynvarg_, _byurovarg_, _heytsvarg_ (a sovetisher neologizm), _zoknvarg_, _tepvarg_, _transportvarg_, _kosvarg_, _khemishvarg_, _loygvarg_, _leymvarg_, _meservarg_, _filyervarg_, _flivarg_, _shraybvarg_, vu itlekhs nayvort iz der neytiker ekvivalent fun a vikhtik english vort. Uriel Vaynraykh hot holt gehat diminutivn un mit rekht gezen in zey an umoyssheplekhn moker far der baraykherung fun yidish. Gefinen mir bay im a fule substantivishe farklenerungen say langonike say naye: _oyshengl_, _brayzl_ (diferentsirt akegn _broyz_), _blaybl_, _hikhle_, _teyele_, vi oykh diminutiv-iterative verb- un adyektiv-furemungen: _brumlen_, _gepnyaklt_, _netslen_, _knaklen_, _shmueslen_, _shpringlen_, _shpritslen_. Kedey optsushatsn vi s'ker tsu zayn ot di neologizmen darf men zey zen baynand mit zeyere englishe akegeners -- zey farfiln befeyreshe bloyzn. Oykh der sufiks _-(er )ay_ iz zeyer a produktiver, faran tsendlinger yidishe substantivn fun dem tip. Bemeyle lozt zikh gring shafn naye derivatn: _vurshteray_, _yogeray_, _nortleray_, _sekreteray_, _rederay_. Keday tsu fartseykhenen iz derbay, az Noyekh Prilutski hot beshate firgeleygt far der klalshprakh di dorem-yidishe diferentsirung: feminin -- der lokal (_di_ bekeray, _di_ garberay); neytral -- di tuung, der fakh (_dos_ bekeray, _dos_ garberay). Oykh Yudl Marks hot shpeter rekomendirt di system. In MEYYED iz zi durkhgefirt beshleymes: _dos raketeray_ iz di tekhnik; _di raketeray_ -- dos ort vu me lantsirt di raketn. _Dos shifboyeray_ iz di melokhe, di industrye; _di shifboyeray_ -- dos plats vu shifn vern geboyt, _dos shiseray_ is di aktsye; _di shiseray_ -- dos feld vu me praktitsirt dos shisn. _Dos shvimeray_ -- di aktsye, der sport; _di shvimeray_ -- der shvimbaseyn. _Lakir_ is a vort nit fun haynt. Faran shoyn bay Lifshitsn, in MEYYED gefinen mir ober oykh andere substantivn fun dem tip: _der izolir_, _der lantsir_, _der platsir_, _der ratir_. _-ikh_ iz azoyernokh gevorn a produktiver kemoy sufiks (in der emesen zaynen di oysgerekhnte substantivn shtam-furemungen on a sufiks). In _der lombardir_ iz der oysloz _-ir_ take in der pkhine fun an emesn sufiks. Der sufiks _-erish_ iz dir oykh nit kayn pustepasnik, fun im ken men oykh hobn a nuts baym baraykhern di shprakh, dort vu baraykherung iz neytik. Yidn zenen dokh beteve nit kayn folk fun shisers, yegers, zelners, iz fun vanet zoln mir hobn a vort far _trigger-happy_? Darfn darf men ober aza vort lekholadeyes, iz take _shimerish_ a goldene hamtsoe. A vort, vider, vi _aynzeerish_ iz kirtser un hantiker fun _a mentsh mit aynzeenish_, vi me volt bederekh-klal gezogt. Azoy oykh _fregerish_ un azoy vayter. S'iz klor der sakhakl: MEYYED geyt nit dem oysgetrotenem -- tseforenem -- veg fun nemen fun daytshish tsi english, shtots tsu shafn eygns, yidishs. S'iz dokh nit in koved fun a loshn akoredik tsu nemen fun der fremd ile mol, ven me darf epes nays. Un Uriel Vaynraykh hot nit nor lib gehat, nor oykh opshay gehat far der yidisher shprakh. HEY. Opklayb un diferentsirung A problem far zikh iz der inyen opklayb. 23 verter far _space_ hot der shrayber fun di shures aroysgeshribn fun der yidisher prese in farsheydene yishuvim (34). Dos iz nit keyn ashires, nor a simen dales, nit-normirtkayt, nit-ayngeshteltkayt, nit-ongenumenkayt. Teyl fun ot di 23 furemungen zenen take gerotene, andere zenen ober nit-durkhgetrakhte gikhshafungen, efemerizmen. Darf men oysteyln di gute un neytike sinonimen un zey standardizirn. Oyb me nemt di uvde erntst (vi andersh?) is dos an akhrayesdike arbet. MEYYED hot zikh dermit gespravet beshleymes. A tsveyter fal. Dos geviks, vos in der literatur gefinen mir far im lekholapokhes 10 nemen un formes -- _priml_, _primul_, _primule_, _primulke_, _ershtling_, _friblum_, _friling-graypelekh_, _meshugene graypelekh_, _shlislblum_, _shliselekh_. Dem vos lernt zikh yidish iz eyn oder tsvey sinonimen day-vehoyser. Di andere sinonimen un dubletn darfn blaybn farn shprakhforsher mernit. Faran an ander bliml, vos kh'hob in farsheydene mekoyrim far im ongetseylt 12 sinonimen un dubletn (abi me zogt, az mir hobn nit keyn nemen far kveytn): _luftl_, _luftshikl_, _aduvantshik_, _blezerl_, _blozblimele_, _pukhblum_, _pukhkepl_, _leybntson_, _mener-trayheyt_, _froyen-trayheyt_, _kublum_ un se kern zayn nokh. A selektiv verterbukh hot do gemuzt opklaybn. Nokhn opklaybn blaybt ober nit-oysgenitst shprakhvarg, vos se vet fargesn vern, oyb me vet es in a verterbukh nit fartseykhenen un azoy arum es makhn tsutritlekh far andere nitsers. In teyl faln vet derfun kayn lokh in himl nit vern. In andere faln is take a shod. ober s'iz fort nito kayn eytse. An andert mol, akegn zhe, kumt dos "farshtoysene" shprakhvarg zeyer tsu nits baym oysfiln faranene bloyzn. Oyb dos ukrainish- un litvish-yidishe _kust_ vert standardizirt vi der optaytsh far _bush_, blaybt dokh dos poylish-yidishe _kshak_ oyf gots barat. Ober neyn, me ken es nemen tsu hilf kdey durkhtsufirn a neytike diferentsirung: _kshak_ vert der termin far _shrub_. Di dubletn _geviks_ (Perets) un _geveks_ (Lifshits, Mendele, Prilutski) hobn A. Golomb un Z. Kalmenovitsh diferentsirt nokh in 1918 (35). MEYYED hot ot di diferentsirung oyfgehit. In der konkurents, vider, tsvishn Dovid Eynhorns _farzikhdik_ un A. Golombs _farzikhik_ far "zelbshtendik" hot MEYYED ongenumen dos ershte, ober dos andere (aktsentirt oyf _zikh_) -- ibergetaytsht vi a sinonim tsu "eygnnutsik." Andere neytike un gerotene diferentsirungen: _nutsik_ un _nitslekh_; _arbeter_ un _arbetorer_; _oysgrobung_ un _oysgrob_; _oyshtelung_ un _oyshtel_; _mumlen_ (Sholem-Aleykhem, folkshprakh) un _murmlen_ (poezye un tsaytungshprakh); _ratever_ un _ratirer_; _tresen_ un _treyslen_; _gezelshaft_ un _gezelnshaft_; _brudershaft_ un _bridershaft_; _onheyber_ un _onfanger_ (di letste tzvey diferentsir-firleygn zenen, vayst oys, Yudl Marks) un azoy vayter. Oyf der nafke-mine tsvishn _dos_ un _di_ bekeray, _dos_ un _di_ shifboyeray un azoy vayter hobn mir shoyn ongevizn. MEYYED hit oyf oykh dem khilek tsvishn _der_ krig 'milkhome' un _di_ krig 'krigeray'; _der_ druk 'drikung' -- _di_ druk 'drukeray'; _der_ pruv 'dos pruvn' -- _di_ pruv 'oyspruv'; _dos_ visnshaft 'yeda' -- _di_ visnshaft 'mada'. "Noyt brekht ayzn" zogt di velt a vertl. Di baraykher- un diferentsir-noyt fodert teyl mol, az me zol brekhn oykh azan "ayzernem" printsip vi dem otrakvistishn. Hot MEYYED take baynand mit der traditsionaler shraybung _shul_ far 'beys-tfile' aktseptirt di in Argentine oyfgekumene un letstns oykh in Yisroel farshpreyte shraybung _shil_, vos zi shpiglt op dem dorem-yidishn aroysred funem shaykhedikn vort. Azoy arum bakumt zikh a klore, seykheldike un shoyn fun lang neytik diferentsir-meglekhkayt _shul_ 'beys-haseyfer' -- _shil_ 'beys tfile_. An ander fal fun "noyt brekht ayzn" iz di diferentsirung tsvishn _shturem_ un _shtorem_. Punkt vi lemoshl _durkh_, _khurbn_ [khurbm] vern in tsentral-yidish aroysgeredt _dorekh_, _khorbn_ azoy vert oykh _shturem_ oyf a teyl fun yener teritorye aroysgeredt _shtorem_, a befeyreshe shraybung _shtorem_ gefinen mir bay Naftole Gros, Fanye Glants (36) un andere. MEYYED hot ot dem durkhbrokh funem iberdialektishn printsip standardizirt un far eyns durkhgefirt a semantishn iberdruk leshem diferentsirung: _storm_ iz take _shturem_, ober _gale_ is _shtorem_ oder _yam-shtorem_. Mit a kivn durkhgefirte diferentsirungen fun dialektish andershdikn shprakhvarg gefinen mir bay andere kulturshprakhn oykhet (farglaykh _der See, die See, vos vaksn fun farsheydene daytshishe dialektn). Yidish darf nit opshteyn funem klal antviklte shprakhn bansher-bekheyn bay undz tsitert men far shprakhike khidushim -- neologizmen, dialektizmen, arkhaizmen -- alts eynem nomen funem intelektuel farglivertn un lingvistish steriln printsip "ikh hob es keyn mol nit gehert." VOV. Oysloz Say in zayn lernbukh _Kaledzh-yidish_ [College Yiddish], vos geyt shoyn aroys in a finfter oyflage, say in MEYYED -- s'iz shoyn aroys di tsveyte oyflage -- hot Uriel Vaynraykh nit gevolt "araplozn funem prayz" fun bester kvalitet afile keyn prute nit. Im iz geven organish fremd der skarbover nusekh fun klyotshediker popularizatsye. Vi ale zayne verk, ruft oykh dos verterbukh tsu zikh aroys dem grestn derekh-erets, take tsulibn hekhstn nivo. Gor nispoel zenen di keners fun beyde leshoynes fun MEYYED vorn in letstn sakhhakl kenen nor zey beemes opshatsn dem umfarglaykhlekhn dergreykh fun ot dem verterbukh. S'iz graylekh keday tsu tsitirn eynem fun de farshemtste shprakhlers bay hayntikn tog -- Dr. Roman Yakobson, profesor fun slavishe shprakhn in Harvard-Universitet, vos hot oykh a kheylek in yidish-forshung (37): "Vi a lingvist vil ikh festshteln az Uriel Vaynraykhs verterbukh iz beemes a groys gesheenish in der shprakh-visnshaft. A dank Uriel Vaynraykhs zeltene metodologishe feyikaytn, zayn umgeveyntlekher gelerntkayt, zayn merkverdikn araynblik in der leksikologisher un gramatisher struktur fun shprakh -- iz dos verk vos er hot nokh zikh ibergelozt, nisht bloyz dos umfarglaykhlekh beste verterbukh fun yidish, nor oykh eyns fun de modernste un visnshaftlekh-oysgehaltnste verterbikher bikhlal.... Zayn verterbukh iz nisht bloyz a hekhst vertful getzayg far intensiv shtudirn di yidishe shprakh un literatur nor.... gor bazunder far algemeyner leksikologye." Tsi vet dem verterbukh gerotn oykh lemayse tsu derhoybn mame-loshn tsu di hekhste heykhn, vos a kulturshprakh ken dergreykhn? Bay undz in yidishland nemen zikh dokh neologizmen shver on. Undz feln di tsinoyres vos bay laytn: universitetn, fule togshuln, a prese vos leygt vog oyf loshn, a teater oyf a nivo. Fun destvegn, etlekhe khadoshim nokhn aroysgeyn fun MEYYED, zet zikh shoyn zayn koyekhdike hashpoe. In meshekh fun eyne fir vokhn iz dem shrayber fun di shures oysgekumen zi ontsushtoysn in nayverter fun MEYYED bay: Dr. M. Astur in _Oyfn shvel_ (_horhorik_), Itshe Goldberg in _Yidishe kultur_ (_tsurikshlog_, _shaykhesdikayt_, in _MEYYED_ -- _krikshlog_)_. Volf Yunin in _Tog-Morgn-zhurnal_ (terminen fun kosmos-forshung un raketeray); Yeshaye Malov in _Yugntruf_ (_derhayntikn_); Dr. Eliyohu Shulman in _Veker_ (_krigshlog_); Dr. M. Vaynraykh un andere. A makhriediker fakt: a tsol mentshn -- s'rov fun yingern dor -- leynen dos verterbukh tsaytlekhvayz, mit an interes vi se volt geven a beletristish verk un mit a pietet vi se volt geven a seyfer. Aza batsiung vet zikh muzn oprufn oyfn inteligentn yidishn shprakbanits. Dos zenen dokh di yidish-leyeners, -shraybers, -redaktorn un -forshers fun morgn. Se ken nit gemolt zayn, az di hashpoe, vos zi zet zikh shoyn itster, zol zikh nit shtarkn merer un merer in di kumendike yorn un doyres. Avade vet zikh nit itlekher prat onnemen -- s'iz dokh nit meshiekhs tsaytn -- ober der groyser rov khidushim, vos haynt freyt men zikh mit zey oder me kritikirt zey gor, veln in a dor arum zayn azoyne integrale, farfundevete teyln fun mame-loshn vi di amolike khidushim _forzitser_, _tsuzamenfor_, _shtudirgrupe_, un _koordinir-komitet_ zenen haynt. Dos _Modern english-yidish yidish-english verterbukh_ hot undz oysgeleygt a breytn, glatikn, sheynem shtroz tsum yidish fun morgn. Volf Yunin is gerekht: "S'iz dos verk fun halbn yorhundert."(38) Heores ['Notes'] 1. Voltn mir gehat oysgearbet obyektiv onvendlekhe vog-un-mosn, volt a shteyger nit miglekh geven tsu kvalifitsirn di forme _lem_ 'al-yad', vos me gefint zey bay Markishn un bay Sutskevern, bay Kadye Molodovskin un bay Kehos Kligern, bay Avrom Zakn un bay Moyshe Gurinen, bay Dikn un bay Yakhinsonen, bay Itzik Kipnisn un Yoysef Rubinshteynen vi -- dialektish. Oyb dos iz nokh dialektish, iz vifl shraybers darfn nitsn a forme zi zol zayn klal-yidish? 2. Zen "A vort frier funem redaktor," N. Stutshkov, _Der oytser fun der yidisher shprakh_, New York, 1950, zayt XIV. 3. "A vort frier," MEYYED, zayt tes (9). 4. Inem Moldever yidish: _kokosheres_. 5. Bay Noyekh Prilutski (a shteyger in zayn _Gevet_), Kh. Gininger, M. Shekhter. 6. Standardizirt ot di shraybung hot der _Yidisher ortografisher vegvayzer_. Biz yemolt hot geveltikt di shraybung _fariken zikh_. 7. Alpi toes farekhnt fun Y. Shteynboymen (in zayn retsenzye oyf MEYYED in _Tsukumft_, Oct. 1968, zayt 471) vi a nayvort. 8. Di shraybung _tabak_, _sinyak_, _kulak_ un der aroysred mitn aktsent oyfn tsveytn vokal iz far dorem-yidish reders nit azoy vayt litvish-yidish vi a rusitsizm. 9. Alpi toes farekhnt fun Volf Yuninen (_Tog-Morgn-zhurnal_, Okt. 20, 1968) far a neologizm. Der eltster tsitat in mayn reshus iz fun Fridrikhs bikhele _Unterikht...._ funem yor 1784. A shpeterdiker: _Yudishes folksblat_, St. Petersburg, April 11, 1883. Shp. 197. Genitst dos vort _pruvl_ hot nokh A.-B. Gotlober -- fun di friikste haskole-shraybers. In 20stn yorhundert: Noyekh Prilutzki, Y. Bashevis, Mortkhe Shekhter. 10. Mir zenen ayngeveynt tsu shraybn etimologish _zibn-bergn_. Nito keyn shum barekhtikung derfar. 11. _Ban-aktsident_, lemoshl _Idishe tsytung_, Buenos-Ayres, Sept. 12, 1965. 12. _Trafik_, lemoshl _Idishe tsaytung_, Buenos-Ayres, Sept. 8, 1965. 13. A vort vos ot nekhtn iz es nokh geven zeyer popular: Mendel Lefin-Satenever, Sh. Etinger, Eliezer Tsveyfel, Tsunzer, Mendele Moykher-Sforim, Linetski, Sholem-Aleykhem, Sharkanski, Moris Rozenfeld. 14. Lifshits, Etinger, Entin, N. Prilutski, Opatoshu, Harkavi, Stutshkov. 15. _Yidishe shprakh_, New York, Band XVI (Okt/Dets. 1958), 110. 16. Lemoshl in Shu"T Hash"L, Lublin, ShN"T-1599 (loyt N. Shtif, in _Oyfn shprakhfront_, Kiev, 1932, zayt 33). 17. A shteyger in _Megiles Vints_ (loytn iberdruk in M. Vaynraykhs _Shtaplen_, zaytn 180, 181, 182, 186, 187). 18. Dos vort lebt nokh ertervayz in di yidishe dialektn, vi M. Vaynraykh hot mehader geven nokh mit knape 30 yor tzurik -- _Yidishe shprakh_, New York, Band I (1941), 20 -- un vi der _Yidisher shprakh- un kultur-atlas_ hot shpeter bashtetikt. 19. A shod vos der taytsh 'elter lern-yingl' iz in MEYYED nit fartseykhnt. 20. Nokh bay Y. Aksnfeldn, bay Elyokum Tsunzern un andere. 21. Banayt vi psikhologishe terminen fun Dr. M. Vaynraykhn. 22. In der poezye banayt fun Sutskevern. Firgeleygt di banayung hot M. Vaynraykh in _Filologishe shriftn_ I (1926), 50. 23. Eyns fun di balibste verter inem shrayb-loshn fun 19tn yor hundert, me lozt zikh gring brengen tsendlinger oyfvayzn. 24. Genitst fun Prilutski, M. Vaynraykhn, Sutskevern. 25. In 20stn yorhundert iz der oysdrik nokh geven lebedik in Kurland (farglaykh M. Vaynraykhs _Shtaplen_ 233). 26. Mitn taytsh 'vunderlekh, zeyer gerotn' eyns fun di populerste verter inem yidish fun 19tn yorhundert: Etinger, Tsveyfel, Tsunzer, _Teyator fin khsidim_ [Teater fun khsidim], Sholem-Aleykhem, Sharkanski, Makman, Reyngold. Inem folks-loshn ertervayz lebedik adayem. MEYYED brengt es ober vi a sinonizm tsu _kuntsik_ (beheskem mit Lifshitses optaytsh). 27. Farglaykh di arbetn fun Y. Mark un M. Shekhter in _M. Vaynraykhn tsu zayn zibetsikstn geboyrn-tog_, Hag, 1964; vi oykh M. Shekhters "M. Vaynrakhs tsushtayer tsum oysvaks fun yidish," _Di goldene keyt_, Tel-Oviv, band 50 (1964). 28. Lemoshl _Naye prese_, Paris, Okt. 29, 1965. 29. _Folksshtime_, Varshe, Yanuar 5, 1967: _eskalatsye_. 30. Tsvishn andere: _Idishe tsaytung_, Buenos-Ayres, Merts 19, 1964; _Letste nayes_, Tel-Oviv, Sept. 17, 1965. Azoy oykh di Nyu-Yorker tsaytungen, der _Keneder odler_ un azoy vayter. 31. Dr. Shloyme Birnboym. _Yidish verter-bikhl fun oysleyg..._, Lodz, 1932, 54 pp. 32. A shteyger _Gezets-kodeks vegn familye, apotropes, heyrat un vegn aktn fun birgerlekhn shtand_, Moskve-Kharkov-Minsk. [no date], 108 zaytn. 33. _Yidish for ale_ (1938), 197. 34. Farglaykh M. Shekhter, "A bisl kosmos-terminalogye," _Oyfn shvel_, Yuli-Oyg. 1966. 35. Cf. A. Golomb, _Yidishe shprakh_ XVIII (1958), 94. 36. Cf. _Inzikh_, Yuni 1937. 37. _Yedies fun Yivo_, New York, 107 (Sept. 1968), 5. 38. Farglaykh Volf Yunin, "Shprakhvinkl," _Tog-Morgn-zhurnal_, No. 3, 1968. ______________________________________________________ End of _The Mendele Review_ 01.023 Leonard Prager, editor Send articles to: lprager@research.haifa.ac.il The editor of _TMR_ can also be reached via _Mendele_'s homepage: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/ Send change-of-status messages to: listproc@lists.yale.edu a. For a temporary stop: set mendele mail postpone b. To resume delivery: set mendele mail ack c. To subscribe: sub mendele first_name last_name d. 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