_The Mendele Review_: Yiddish Literature and Language (A Companion to _MENDELE_) ______________________________________________________ Contents of Vol. 01.022 15 October 1997 Uriel Weinreich's Dictionary Issue -- Part One 1) Yiddish Matters: From the Editor (Leonard Prager) 2) "Dos porfolk" Symposium continued (Dan Leeser, Louis Fridlander) 3) Tsum yidish fun morgn (Mordkhe Schaechter) 1)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 15 October 1997 From: Leonard Prager Subject: Yiddish Matters -- Towards the 30th anniversary (1998) of Uriel Weinreich's Dictionary Students of Yiddish are accustomed to reach for their "Weinreich" when they encounter a word in a modern Yiddish text which they do not recognize. Twenty-nine years ago this immensely useful lexicographic aid was not available. Next year we will be celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of Uriel Weinreich's _Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary_ [ = MEYYED]. Among the many contemporary reviews of the dictionary, none was as probing and comprehensive as that by Mordkhe Schaechter, our foremost Yiddish language planner and a longtime colleague of Uriel Weinreich. We are pleased to reprint this review, which originally appeared in _Di goldene keyt_ [volume 66 (1969), pages 234-248], and to announce a symposium on the subject "MEYYED at Thirty -- Its Influence and Present Status," to be held in 1998. Mordkhe Schaechter and others -- "beli neyder" -- have promised retrospective and evaluative essays. Mendelyaner are invited to begin preparing descriptions of their experiences with this remarkable work, one which has affected modern Yiddish studies throughout the world. 2)---------------------------------------------------- Date: 15 October 1997 From: Dan Leeson, Louis Fridlander Subject: Sholem-Aleykhem's "Dos porfolk" Symposium continued Date: 15 October 1997 From: Dan Leeson Subject: Sholem-Aleykhem's "Dos porfolk" I enjoyed the multiple perspectives enormously! I even got a note or two telling me that they (the writers) also think that the animals are turkeys, so I am definitely in the minority. However, I did a little more research. There is a turkey farm nearby (with the cryptic name of "Ladino Brand Turkeys") and I called them to ask about force-feeding. According to them, it would be near impossible to force-feed a turkey, both from the viewpoint of the turkey's reaction to being force-fed, and also because of the anatomy of a turkey, whereas geese are very easily force fed and it has the added benefit of increasing the size of the liver enormously (for those that like chopped liver). On the other hand, one of the writers suggested that the Yiddish version of "gobble, gobble," the sound associated only with a turkey is what is used in the story, and that is very hard evidence. But force feeding a turkey? It's crazy! **** Date: 15 Oct 1997 From: Louis Fridlander Subject: Sholem-Aleykhem's "Dos porfolk" Now that comments on the comments in the symposium on Sholem-Aleykhem's "Dos porfolk" (TMR 1.021) are invited from the entire Mendele readership, I have a few brief ones. I refer only to Sholem-Aleykhem's Yiddish (Ale verk fun Sholem-Aleykhem, Vol 7: _Mayses far yidishe kinder_, Nyu York: Folksfond oysgabe, 1918, pp. 129-153). The English translation by Shlomo Katz ("The Pair" in Irving Howe and Eliezer Greenberg, eds. _A Treasury of Yiddish Stories_, New York: Viking Press, 1954, pp. 192-205) has several lacunae and is no help to the interpreter. I am in the minority. Unlike most of the other commentators, I see no reason to perceive the two innocent souls as representing turkeys (_indikes_ in Yiddish from Russian _indyuk_). That the word _indikes_ (never used in the piece) shares the first syllable with Sholem- Aleykhem's use of the word _indianer_, is quite unconvincing. Imagining the innocent victims as turkeys (which sort of conforms to real experience) rather than humans (which violates our sense of reality) seems forced. Perhaps it is a bit like a dreamer's attempt, on awakening, to make sense out of a senseless dream by unconscious secondary revision (a well-established, universal process). But let's listen to what Sholem-Aleykhem tells us in two of the earliest sentences (p. 130): "In aza nakht iz faran a sakh arbet farn bal-ha-khaloymes. Er zhalevet nisht keyn farbn, shit mit der fuler hant fantazyes, vos nisht geshtoygn, nisht gefloygn, un firt tsunoyf a vant mit a vant." [My English: 'In such a night there is lots of work for the dream master. He does not stint colorations, pours with a generous hand unreal fantasies out of thin air, and brings together a wall with another wall.] Sholem-Aleykhem does indeed spin a yarn that brings together elements that do not fit together, as happens in any dream including a nightmare. Weinreich's dictionary (1968) clearly defines _indianer_ as 'American Indian'. Further, the German word for _American Indian_ is _indianer_. German as a source for Yiddish words was not only well established hundreds of years ago, but continued into the era of popular 19th- century fiction about American Indians of the Wild West. This spread the misconception about them as savages ("vilde mentshn" is a phrase used more than once in "Dos porfolk"). Much of that fiction was likely translated into European languages including Yiddish. Further, when the two innocent captives first meet the male says he recognizes the female as an _indianer_ by her beads (p. 132). American Indians used beads for personal decoration and as wampum, a medium of exchange. This was no doubt widely reported. It is also true that many other peoples use beads. However, would Sholem-Aleykhem write that one turkey recognized another as a turkey only by the beads she wears rather than feathers, etc.? I think not. The beads and the German word _indianer_ support the Yiddish meaning of _indianer_ as 'American Indian' (not only in Weinreich, 1968, but in Sholem-Aleykhem's vocabulary). This does not help the story make sense, but a nightmare is never an exemplar of sense. A sakh arbet farn bal-ha-khaloymes, indeed. Louis Fridhandler **** Date: 15 Oct 1997 From: Louis Fridhandler Subject: Sholem-Aleykhem's "Dos porfolk": supplement Brief supplement to my note on "Dos porfolk by Sholem-Aleykhem. I don't mean to denigrate Shlomo Katz's translation, but most translations however meritorious are separate works to be judged apart from the original, not as their accurate representatives. For example, Shlomo Katz omits a sentence. In brackets, I will insert the omitted Yiddish with its English translation. The meaning changes. >From p. 203: "The fresh air of the foggy morning hit them with full force. [Zey hobn derfilt az s'iz zey oysgevaksn fliglekh. They had the feeling that wings materialized for them.] Another instant and they would take off and fly away...." With that sentence omitted in the English version, the suggestion that they had wings with which to fly is quite strong. In Yiddish, it is ambiguous, with the greater weight on the implication that wings to fly off with are their wish, not their reality. Sholem-Aleykhem's piece contains mystifying, successive metamorphoses so evocative of those we summon in dreams. Incidentally, in Yiddish _held_ is literally hero, but as Sholem-Aleykhem uses it here, it means 'protagonist, central character'. Louis Fridhandler 3)----------------------------------------------- Date: 15 October 1997 From: Leah Krikun Subject: Tsum yidish fun morgn (Mordkhe Schaechter) Mortkhe Shekhter [Mordkhe Schaechter] / Nyu-York Tsum yidish fun morgn Uriel Vaynraykh, _Modern english-yidish, yidish-english verterbukh_. New York: Yidisher visnshaftlekher institut YIVO un Bikher-farlag Makro-Hil, 1968, 863 zaytn. ALEF. Der oyftu Faran yidishe verterbikher, vos zey zenen aroys in a goyrldiker tsayt un zey shpiglen op goyrldike historishe protsesn. Lifshitses verterbikher mit a hundert yor tsurik, hobn arayngefirt "Eyrope" in undzer verter-oytzer un azoy arum geholfn efenen a breytn gaystikn horizant farn yidish-reder fun zayn dor. Harkavis verterbikher hobn shpeter arayngebrengt "Amerike," alkolponem di emigrantishe Amerike, di Ist-sayd mit ire amerikanizmen. Mit zayn verterbukh (do vayter gekirtst MEYYED), hot Uriel Vaynraykh durkhgefirt fun eyn zayt a firfakhike lingvistishe uvde -- er hot di yidishe kulturshprakh derhayntikt terminologish, universalizirt geografish, standardizirt stilistish un oysgebreytert dem khronologishn yesoyd irn. Fun der ander zayt, hot er durkhgefirt a tsveyendike gezelshaftlekhe funktsye: geshafn a solide, prakhtike brik tsvishn english un yidish, vos aza zgal brik voltn mir mit yorn tsurik afile in kholem nit gekent zikh oysmoln, un derhoybn yidish tsu der madreyge fun an ershtrangiker kulturshprakh oyf der heykh fun der tsveyter helft 20stn yorhundert. 1. Terminalogishe derhayntikung Bay farsheydene gelegnhaytn un umgelegnhaytn barimen mir zikh mitn ashires un dem breytn hekef funem modernem yidish. Zol es undz voyl bakumen! Tsi iz dos ober der gantser emes? Keday tsu leynen Uriel Vaynraykhs sheyn formulirtn din-vekheshbm dervegn, take in zayn "A vort frier" tsum verterbukh: "Dos itstike verterbukh -- akhuts dem vos es eksistirt shoyn -- ken durkhfirn a funktsye vos di andere, gresere verterbikher zenen dertsu nit mesugl: konfrontirn yidish mit a tsveyter breyt antviklter kultur-shprakh. Aza konfrontirung git undz a hasoge fun dem vos mir farmogn un vos es felt undz, zi ruft undz aroys tsu balansirn dem nakhes fun sinonimen-raykhkayt oyf teyl shtokhim mit a dayge vegn dem dervaylikn doykhek oyf andere shtokhim." "Di yidishe shprakh halt zikh in eyn baraykhern, gor nit in proportsye tsum katastrofaln opkum fun reders un shraybers beys un nokh der tsveyter velt-milkhome. Khidushim kumen tsu fun farsheydene kvaln, bay der tsezeytkayt un tseshpreytkayt funem yidishn shprakh-klal zaynen ober di farsheydene baraykher-protsesn nit koordinirt. Nutsike nayverter fun eyn yokhed oder eyn krayz dergeyen nit tsu andere. Az zey vern nit fartseykhnt in keyn geherikn aynkukbukh, zaynen zey nito tsu der hant ven me darf zey hobn a tsveyt mol. Gantse zorgevdik konstruirte terminologishe systemen lign fargesene in zeltene oysgabes. S'geyt in nivets hamtsoedikayt oyf umneytike, improvizirte dubletn, beshas fardrosike bloyzn blaybn nit oysgefilt." "Koyleldike eynshprakhike verterbikher zaynen barekhtikt ontsuteyen fun dem nit-planirtn onvaks, tsu zen in im a simen fun ashires un lebedikayt. Antkegn zhe firt di konfrontirung mit a tsveyter literatur-shprakh arayn andere mosn vos zaynen punkt azoy barekhtikt: mosn fun shporevdikayt, fun pretsizkayt, fun a kalibrirtkayt mit internatsionale bagrifn-systemen. Bay azelkhe mosn vern di tsevaksungen un di bloyzn fun yidish andersh baloykhtn. Di shefe ken damolt oyskumen vi an iberikayt, bifrat kol-zman es feln neytikaytn." Un Uriel Vaynraykh hot zikh farmostn tsutsushteln di neytikaytn, a dank MEYYED veln mir hobn yidishe verter far hunderter haynttsaytike un haynttsaytikste bagrifn vi _anti-poverty program_, _urban sprawl_, _urban renewal_, _birth control_, _antibiotics_, _antibody_, _drug addict_, _appeasement policy_, _anti-missile missile_, _rocket booster_, _launching pad_, _manned flight_, _briefing_, _debriefing_, _wall-to-wall carpeting_. Tsum ershtn mol, khotsh yidish-yidn voynen in Kolumbeses medine shoyn a kaymelon fun sheyne etlekhe tsendling yor vet a yidisher zhurnalist kenen onshraybn a reportazh fun an amerikaner gerikhtzal oder fun di farhandlungen arum a gezets-proyekt un zikh kenen bageyn on _indayted_, _kort ov apils_, _kleyms kort_, _surogeyt_ un dest glaykhn vayzgebungen fun kolektiver un yekhidisher shprakhiker impotens. Er vet farmogn -- oyb er vet hobn genug batsiung tsum leyner, tsum loshn, tsu zikh aleyn -- dem lingvistishn makhsher tsu kenen akurat ibergebn yuridishe detaln un nit darfn redn un redn stam arum der zakh, vi se firt zikh bay undz, bavoyneseynu-horabim. Der nayes-shrayber vet mer nit darfn marbe-dvorimdik brayen "Dos kind is aropgefaln dort vu der eleveytor geyt aroyf un arop" (a pinktlekher tsitat fun a Nyu-Yorker blattsaytung); er vet kurts un pretsiz kenen shraybn "in der liftshakhte." 2. Geografishe universalizirung Di hayntike yidishe literatur-shprakh iz keyedue a pshore oder a sintez fun dray yidishe dialektn: dem "voliner," dem "litvishn," un dem "poylishn." Faran ober a shlal nutsike verter afile in ot di dialektn, vos di literatur-shprakh (mekhuts der beletristik) hot biz itster ignorirt. In MEYYED vern a shpor bisl fun ot di ignorirte, farshtoysene verter gebrengt bivkhines rekomendatsye. Fun der tsveyter zayt zenen dem klal-yidish-nitser biz atsind geven kemat in gantsn umbavust di interesante leksishe spetsifishkaytn fun di andere dialektn un unterdialektn: funem rumenishn, ungerishn, kurlender un mayrevdikn yidish. MEYYED heybt oyf dem shleyer, vos er hot zey gehaltn farhoyln un makht meglekh, az oykh zey zoln arayn inem hoyptshtrom fun der yidisher shprakh. Der geografisher yesod fun klal-yidish vert azoyernokh oysgebreytert oyf tzofn, oyf dorem, un oyf mayrev. Khuts di "alte provintsn" fun yidishland zenen dokh ober tsugekumen oykh naytsaytike kolonyes. Dos normative MEYYED narayet take dem yidish-nitser in der frayer velt di shprakhike khidushim fun sovetishn yidish. In reshus funem yidish-reder in di english-shprakhike lender vert geshtelt vertervarg fun romanish-shprakhike mekoymes. Avade un avade zenen fartseykhnt Yisroel-verter fun a klal-yidisher verde. Mame-loshn iz in MEYYED a veltshprakh nit nor in der potents oder beloshn melitse, nor bepoyel-mamesh. *. Khronologishe oysbreyterung Lifshits un Harkavi hobn opgeshpiglt s'loshn fun zeyer tsayt un svive: Barditshev fun 19tn yorhundert baym ershtn; Navaredik un Nyu-York fun der ander helft 19tn un onheyb 20stn yorhundert baym tsveytn. Khuts der geografisher oysbreyterung (ze dos frierdike kapitele) breytert MEYYED oys oykh dem khronologishn hekef fun der yidisher kulturshprakh. Dos verterbukh tsit zayn leksishe yenike nit bloyz funem 20stn yorhundert, nor oykh funem 19tn, 18tn, 17tn un afile nokh vayter, het bizn tifstn altyidish arayn. A prakhtik tsevaksener demb mit tif-tife vortslen. 4. Opklayb un standardizirung Itlekhs verterbukh iz i deskriptiv i normativ. Lifshits un Harkavi zenen geven beiker deskriptiv. _Der oytser fun der yidisher shprakh_, _Der groyser verterbukh fun der yidisher shprakh_, un _MEYYED_, vider, hobn kentike normative kavones. Der hoypt hot di konfrontirung mit english aroyfgeneyt oyfn mekhaber fun MEYYED a maksimale normative ongetsiltkayt. Funem farfleytsenish fun sinonimen un dubletn dafke oyf gevise shtokhim hot er gemuzt opklaybn a minimum un zey gebn di bkhire iber di mitkonkurirndike verter un formes. Geveyntlekh, vu s'iz a gustzakh darf men zikh rikhtn oyf khilukey-deyes -- un mekhutsn feld fun ortografye un daytshmerish hot dokh di shprakh-normirung undzere nokh nit oysgearbet genug obyektive mosn.(1) Mir kenen ober hobn a treyst, az in Uriel Vaynraykhn hobn zikh shprakh-khush un shprakhvisikayt(2) fareynikt tsu a goldenem sintez, bemeyle iz zayn geshmak s'beste oyf vos me ken zikh rikhtn, vi lang loshn iz a makhsher funem umshleymesdikn ben-odem un nit fun der shleymesdiker mashin. Der nitser fun MEYYED darf derbay keseyder in zinen hobn eynem fun di interesantste aspektn fun ot dem ekst interersantn leksikografishn oyftu. Di tsvey khalokim funem verterbukh zenen nit glaykh nit in kames, nit in tsugang. In yidish-englishn kheylek, vu der tsugang is a mer descriptiver, zenen fartseykhnt daytshmerizmen (mit vorndlekh, geveyntlekh) un anglitsizmen, vi oykh mer dubletn, vos der nitser fun verterbukh gefint zey baym leynen farshidene tekstn. In english-yidishn kheylek, vu di normir-kavone iz shtarker, zenen di barbarizmen kemat biklal nito un dubletn a sakh vintsiker. Inem mer deskriptivn teyl iz do say dos "literarishe" _tratuar_, say dos poshet-folkishe _tretar_ (Sholem-Aleykhem, dialektn); inem mer normativn teyl iz shoyn do bloyz _tretar_, vayl dos iz di forme vos der mekhaber hot gevolt untertrogn dem yidish-lerner. "A klal-shprakh vos lebt darf zikh oft _leksikografirn_ un zikh aropnemen a muser fun di khesroynes vos zi derzet bay zikh in leksikografishn shpiglbild."(3) An ershtklasiker lingvist un kener fun beyde leshoynes funem verterbukh, hot Uriel Vaynraykh derzen di bloyzn un zikh ongeton a koyekh zey tsu farfuln. Er hot gekhapt di tsoytn un gepruvt zey uptsuraysn, derzen di fastriges un zikh geflayst zey aroystsutsien. Mit der gvure fun a leksikografishn Herkules hot der bal-verterbukh gepruvt oystsureynikn undzere shprakhike Augias- "khadorim" ['Augean stables' -- not in MEYYED: LP]. Mit dem eynem verk zaynem, dem MEYYED, iz yidish fun an eyropeyish loshn fun sof 30er yorn megulgl gevorn in an alveltlekh loshn fun der tsveyter helft 60er yorn. An oyftu fun an intelektueln gigant. BEYZ. Standardizirung fun dialektishn un poshet-folkishn shprakhvarg Ven se felt in a kulturshprakh oys a vort, darf dos ershte zayn: kern zikh tsu di dialektn. Dort, in di tifenishn funem folksloshn, ken men graylekh gefinen dos, vos inem anemish loshn funem inteligent fun a gants yor iz es nito. Undzer shraybshprakh felt a vort farn populern Amerikaner maykhl "popkorn"? Dos bukaviner yidish farmogt daroys a vort: _kokoshes_(4). Se vayst zikh aroys, az dos "amerikaner" nasheray hot men oykh in eyn vinkl fun mizrekh-Eyrope gegesn. A vort far "deynish peystri"? Kumt s'ungerishe yidish tsu hilf mit zayn _delkl_ un dos kurlender yidish mit zayn _faynbroyt_. Litvishe, poylishe un reysishe yidn hobn nit farmogt keyn verter for "kentelop" [cantaloupe], "egplent" [eggplant], "skvash" [squash]? Dorem-ukrainer un besaraber hobn yo gehat: _dinke_, _patlezhan_, _kabak_. Oyb emetsn iz deresn dos halb daytshmerishe _shprikhvort_, shtelt dos galitsishe yidish tsu an ekht yidishe furemung: _veltsvertl_(5). Ver se meynt, az yidish farmogt nit keyn sinonim tsu _mer_, hot a toes; in poylishn un ukrainishn yidish vet er gefinen dem opbayt, oyb er zukht eynem: _meyn_. Vi zingt Broderzons meydele: "Kh'vil a kush, nit meyn." MEYYED vet helfn popularizirn ot di ale biz itst biksav zeltn genitste verter. Viernokh MEYYED hot oysgenitst dem baraykher-potentsial fun di yidishe dialektn ken men oplernen fun azoyne pruvlekh: _pout_ iz opgetaytsht say durkhn ukrainer-mizrekh-galitsishn _duyen zikh_ say durkhn litvishn _makhn lupes_; _splinter_ -- i durkhn poylish-yidishn _shpilter_ (nit _shpliter_!) i durkhn reysish-yidishn _skabke_. Azoy gefinen mir in MEYYED vi sinonimen di dialektish andershdike _latsh_ un _meshte_; _groyl_ un _skrukh_; _shnar_, _shram_ un _shtrom_; _tsekreln_ un _tseritsn_ -- fun dialektishn kol-tuv. Funem ukrainishn (tsum teyl oykh mizrekh-galitsishn yidish -- direkt funem geredtn loshn oder farmitlt durkh di verk fun Mendl Lefin-Sotenever, Lifshits, Sholem-Aleykhem, Mendele Moykher-Sforim, Byalik, Bergelson, Der Nister, Markish, Hofshteyn -- zenen genumen: _ayznbrekh_; _ontsern_; _optsern_; _ofntlekh_; _breklen zikh_; _gortnvarg_; _dolene_; _divan_; _derragzenen_; _tuekhts_; _tinterl_; _tshudne_; _tshere_; (handlen) _lakhodim_; _laketke_; _muskem_; _mlosne_; _nakhlie_; _nisher_; (shikn nokh a) _suke-sher_; _stigoter_; _stri_; _slid_; _sline_; _esikfleysh_; _poperik_; _purim-gret_; _prezhenitse_; _farhiken zikh_(6); _farshemt_; _firhang_; _tsere_; _kortsh_; _koydrish_, _roslfleysh_. Basaraber yidish iz fartrotn durkh: _finkldik un fekhldik_, _tsesarke_, _kilyem_. Vi oykh durkh di verter vos Basarabye hot beshutfes mit Ukraine (teyl fun zey zenen oysgerekhnt inem frierdikn paragraf). Fun der teritorye fun Galitsye, Bukovine, Alt-Rumenye, Podolye, Basarabye -- in ir gantskayt oder teylnvayz -- vaksn: _eygns_ 'oyf tsu flaysns'; _aynrukn_; _onteyen_; _geshmilts_; _dumen_; _vorikkez_, _zares_, _khamer-eyzl_; _tresen_; _yam-multerl_; _lopetkele_ 'arbesshoyt'; _mehader zayn_; _mayaysenik_; _motl_; _mloyen_; _meshiekhl_; _nozndik_; _omek_; _poyle-royle_; _pesten_; _foder(ik)_; _ratunik_; _sholtik_; _shvimkes_(7); _shtroz_. Dorem-yidish zenen: _oyssadern_ (pasekh-samekh inem shoyresh-teyl); _geneytik_; _varn_ 'makhmes'; _tabik_, _yern zikh_; _langstik_; _sinik_(8); _pruvl_(9); _tsoyt_; _kovel_; _kots_; _kulik_; _rem_; vi oykh, lemoshl, loshn nekeyve _di_ shine; oder neytraler min: _dos_/_di_ yidishkayt, _dos_ balebatishkayt (in s'rov derivatn oyf _kayt_ ober loshn nekeyve); _dos_ bay _oys_-derivatn (_dos_ akhrayes). Funem transkarpatishn yidish -- Ungarn, Slovakay, Karpatn, Zimbergn (10): _broske_ (Zimbergn); dos shoyn dermonte _delkl_; _foyletsn_; _shtots_ (farshpreyt oyf tzofn tif in poylishn yidish arayn); _shtafir_ (oykh in Galitsye). A litvak ben litvak iz keyn khidesh nit vos Uriel Vaynraykh hot tsum maynstn geshept fun dem redenish, vos er hot tsum ershtn derkent -- fun zayn heymishn vilner yidish bifrat un funem tsofn-mizrekhdikn dialekt biklal. Fun dort vaksn: _oyshobn_; der prefiks _oyf-_ mitn taytsh 'tsunoyf' (_oyfbindn_ 'tsunoyfbindn'; _oyfdreyen_ 'tsunoyfdreyen', _oyfdreyen zikh_; _oyfloyfn zikh_; _oyfleygn_ 'tsunoyfleygn'; _oyfklaybn zikh_; _oyfrufn_ 'tsunoyfrufn'; _oyfredn zikh_; _aynmakhn_; _aynrikhtn_; _ariber-gevorfene hoyzn_; (shteln in) _biesh_; _broyz_; _gehay_; _gevezt_; _derunterdik_; _ton_ 'fas' (tsum teyl oykh poylish-yidish); _tupitser_; _tshukht_; _tshekhol_; _lave_ 'tretar'; (avekleygn oyf di) _lopetkes_; _maykhldik_, _marudyen_; _murze_; _mitlen zikh_; _metelitse_; _nurke_; _nit vern_; _net_; _stoyp_; _strom-halavoy_; _smahe_; _edern_; _pozimke_; _palevines_; _pushtshak_; _a fule_; _farmegns_; _tsuklaybn_ 'ramen'; _tsere_; _koyp_, _koyke_; _shatayen zikh_; _shtorem_ un tsendlinger andere. Derikersht varft zikh es in di oygn baym opklayb tsvishn glaykhrekhtike dubletn. Beheskem mitn litvish-yidishn banits zenen oykh teyl rekomendatsyes benegeye gramatishn min un pronominaler beygung ("folgt _mir_" un dos glaykhn), der hoypt vu di rekomendatsyes zenen soyter bizitstike ayngeshteltkaytn. Biklal iz Uriel Vaynraykh di letste yorn geven untern shtarkn royshem fun di mamesh plefndike gefinsn funem yidishn shprakh- un kultur-atlas, vos zayn fartrakhter, organizirer un onfirer er iz geven. Er hot ayngezen vi loyz s'iz dos shaykhes fun der yidisher literatur-shprakh tsum geredtn yidish un vi mamesh antidialektish zi iz teyl mol. Vu er hot gemeynt, az se lozt zikh nokh epes mesakn zayn, hot er gepruvt. Poylish-yidish -- Oder fun de oytsres funem atlas, oder fun der beletristik un poezye (Etinger, Perets, Ash, Opotoshu, Glants, Glatshteyn, Bashevis, Demblin un azoy vayter), oder fun der lingvistisher literatur (beiker Prilutski), zenen: _eynse_, _tsveye_, _draye_ -- sho-onvayzn; _ove-tove_; _oyf s'koyekh_; _on dos_ 'say vi'; _opgeniglt_; _afer_ 'fun unter'; _bokh_ 'taykh'; _blazn_; _bloyne-blo_; _bakheynt_ (oykh in Kurland); _banoy_; _gelenk_ 'talant, geshiktkayt'; _gebift_; durkh s'bank; _desbrat_; _deron_; _dervegn_ 'vegn dem'; _heyt_; _hayen_; himlen; _vyondzlen _; _viernokh_; _zgal_; _zidlen un shnidlen_; _(a)zist_; _motlen_; _miglen_, _migl_; _mitlshtub_; _num_; _s'var_; _ender(sht)_; _entsl_; _eshper_; _fareyletst_; _katshn_; _kapoyerkumen_; _kaketsn_; _rebe-nisl_; _rizedik_; _reyntlekh_; _shol_ 'sholekhts'; _shiklen_; _shpor_ 'hipsh', vi oykh der rabim _khesroynim_ (Perets, Goldfadn) un teyl gramatishe dubletn. Oysnitsndik s'poylish-yidishe _shtertsl_ vi dem oysgangpunkt hot der bal-verterbukh agev geshafn azoyne gerotene nayverter vi _tsushtertslen_, _ibershtertslen_, _oyfshtertsler_. In MEYYED hot gefunen a mokem-miklet dos kurlender yidish, bay hayntikn tog kemat a fartriknter [text: fartrinkter] tsvayg oyfn dialektn-boym undzern: _umpas_, _turem makhn_, vi oykh a tsol verter, vos mir hobn gegebn untern eyberbagrif litvish. Rumenish-yidish is nit iberiks shtark fartrotn: _poykele_, _broske_ (oykh in Zimbergn, vi shoyn dermont) un etlekhe verter beshutfesdike mit Galitsye, Basarabye, Podalye. Funem tsofn-amerikaner yidish brengt MEYYED a hipshe tsol verter. Rekomendirt zenen vintsiker: _oyspresn zikh_, _voluntirn_, _voluntir_, _truizm_, _sof-vokh_, _priz_, _frustrirung_, _shvitsshop_ un azoy vayter. Yisreeylisher tsukum tsu klal-yidish: _yisreeylish_ (on a komets), _yisreeylis_; _kneset_, _ivrit_ (beyde mit tof, nit mit sof): _medineshaft_ (benegeye andere lender: _melukheshaft_); _nosi_; _kibets-golyes_; vi oykh, geveyntlekh, di eltere verter: _agents_; _kholets_ (loyt der ashkenazisher havore), _khalutse_; _aliya_ (loyt der sfardisher -- kdey tsu diferentsirn akegn dem sinonim tsu 'oyfrufn tsu der toyre'); _kvutse_ (ashkenazishe havore); _kibuts_ (sfardishe -- vider kdey tsu diferentsirn kegn dem eltern yidishn dublet). Fun romanish-shprakhike lender vaksn: _avyon_, _aktsident_ (11), _trafik_ (12), _editoryal_, _kalorifer_ -- ale mitn trop oyfn letstn traf. Eyropeyish-yidish zenen: _alimentn_, _asignirn_, _aparatur_, _drukzakh_, _portativ_, _portye_, _koytsye_, _kiosk_ un a sakh andere. (Di sovyetishe-yidishe elementn in MEYYED fartseykhenen mir inem kapitele neyologizmen, vayter untn). (continued in Part Two [= Vol. 01.023]) ________________________________________________________________ End of _The Mendele Review_ 01.022 Leonard Prager, editor Send articles to: lprager@research.haifa.ac.il The editor of _TMR_ can also be reached via _Mendele_'s homepage: http://www2.trincoll.edu/~mendele/ Send change-of-status messages to: listproc@lists.yale.edu a. For a temporary stop: set mendele mail postpone b. To resume delivery: set mendele mail ack c. To subscribe: sub mendele first_name last_name d. To unsubscribe kholile: unsub mendele ****Getting back issues**** _The Mendele Review_ archives can be reached at: http://sunsite.unc.edu/yiddish/TMR