_The Mendele Review_: Yiddish Literature and Language
              (A Companion to _MENDELE_)
______________________________________________________

Contents of Vol. 05.005



       Israel    19 April 2001    Yom HaShoa VeHagvura



              [ondenk tog fun umkum un gvure]



         ['Holocaust and Martyrs' Remembrance Day']



1) A note on "fir vos zenen gegangen" (ed.)

2) "fir vos zenen gegangen"* (yeshayohu shpigl)

3) Thomas Friedman's _The Lexus and the Olive Tree_ and Yiddish

    (Louis Fridhandler )

4) Readers comment on "Dreyfus in Kasrilevke" [TMR 5.004]

    a. Louis Fridhandler on _nakidke_; b. Shaye Mitelman on _tshesuntsha_;

    c. Michael Steinlauf on Labori; d. Poles in Ukraine; e. Errata


1)----------------------------------------------------
Date: 19 April 2001
From: Leonard Prager 
Subject: a note on "fir vos zenen gegangen" (ed.)

In his essential study, _Isaiah Spiegel -- Literary Prose from the Lodz
Ghetto_(1), Yechiel Szeintuch asserted that "Almost everything in the
category of literature from the Holocaust period that has appeared in
print in Hebrew and Yiddish has not been published in the language of
the preserved original."(2) Szeintuch claimed that the original
manuscripts versions were radically different from later reworked ones.
The story given here today is one of sixteen that Shpigl buried in the
Lodz ghetto and later recovered.  The extent of revision differs from
story to story.  "Niki" [which will soon appear in a Yiddish-letter text
in the Onkelos archive] was originally titled "Der toyt fun Anna
Yakovlevna Temkin" [The Death of Anna Yakovlevna Temkin](3) and it is
very different from its buried-manuscript version, which documents
rather than memorializes.  In early 1940 the full scope of destruction
was not yet known to the isolated Lodz ghetto dwellers.

"fir vos zenen gegangen" ['Four Who Went'] is a third as long as the
story published under the same title as late as 1978.(4) "Bloody
Thursday" of March 1940, a day when hundreds of Jews were murdered while
being herded into the ghetto area, is the real-life background for this
stark and fragmentary story, one whose peculiar power owes much to
a minimal array of human gestures, bodily motions that are deeper than
words.

---------------
1. Yechiel Szeintuch, yeshayahu shpigl - - proza sifrutit migeto lodzh,
yerushalaim:  magnes, 1995.  [isbn 965-223-895-3] [Magnes Press, POB
7695, Jerusalem 91076, Israel]

2. See too Yechiel Szeintuch, "The Corpus of Yiddish and Hebrew
Literature from Ghettos and Concentration Camps and its Relevance for
Holocaust Studies," _Studies in Yiddish Literature and Folklore_,
Jerusalem:  Institute for Jewish Studies, the Hebrew University, 1986,
pp. 186-207.

3. Yeshayohu Shpigl, "Niki," translated by Bernard Guilbert Guerney
in Howe and Greenberg, 1954 and in Hirsch, 1989 [originally titled "Der
toyt fun Anna Yakovlevna"].

4. In _Di goldene keyt_ (Tel-Aviv) 95/96 [1978], 310-319 and later
reproduced in.  _Himlen nokhn shturem_, 1984, pp. 69-85.

2)----------------------------------------------------
Date: 19 April 2001
From: Leonard Prager 
Subject: "fir vos zenen gegangen" (yeshoyuhu shpigl)

*[A Yiddish-letter text of "fir vos zenen gegangen" will be available at
http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~mendele/fictyid.htm.

yeshoyahu (shaye) shpigl [Isaiah Spiegel] (1906-1990)

                       fir vos zenen gegangen


[96] az di fur, aza poyerisher heyvogn, vos hot ahergebrakht dos bisl
opgeratevete oremkayt fun der shtot aher oyf a fremder gas, tsu a fremd
hoyz, iz shoyn geven in gantsn leydik, un di tsebrokhene shtuln zenen
shoyn gelegn oyfn trotuar tsuzamen mit an ibergekerter tish, tsvey
blumentep un alt kikhgeshir, un di kinder zenen avek ergets un farfaln
gevorn* -- iz iser geblibn shteyn eyner aleyn in der leydiker shtub un
zikh arumgekukt.  er hot zikh arumgekukt vi a mentsh, vos hot biz itst
gehat farbundn di oygn mit a tikhl un** m'hot im gefirt blinderheyt
aher, durkh bahaltene gasn.
-------
* ayzik berlin. der asekuratsye agent
** m'hot im plutsem oyfgebundem dos tikhl iber di oygn
-------

di shtub, vu iser iz geshtanen, iz geven a groyse, a poylishe. der
balebos fun der dire hot gemuzt zayn a fabrik-arbeter. oder gehat epes a
melokhe tsu velkher er iz yedn frimorgn gelofn. fun mebl iz geblibn do:
a shenkl mit an opshteyendiker tir, a tish, a naftlempl oyf der vent,
akhuts kleynikaytn, vos keyner hot nisht mitgenumen mit zikh,
iberlozndik dos ort far di yidn.  di ale hayzer, voynungen, kromen,
farnumene biz itst fun polyakn un daytshn in balut, hobn gemuzt bafrayt
vern in eyn tog, kedey dos bisele antlofene yidn fun der shtot
("yudn-drek") zol do gefinen zayn ir-miklat.  in bahole hobn di yidn
nisht geklibn keyn dires un nokh di shvere iberlebenishn in der shtot,
hot men nisht ibergeklibn in keyn ort; dort vu m'iz tsufelik
arayngefaln, dort iz men geblibn zitsn, abi tsu hobn vu avekleygn dem
[dershrokenem] guf, abi nisht tsu lign oyf der gas.

ven men iz arayngefaln in shtubn, vu s'iz shoyn geven a (mishpokhe)
oysgeleygt mit [95] [hek] un pek hot men nisht gekukt deroyf, tsugeleygt
dos pekl betgevant, tsunoyfgeshtupt zikh tsuzamen un geblibn do shoyn
oyfn ort, mit fremde yidn un yidenes, un shtubn vos hobn gekont oyfnemen
fir nefoshes zenen arayn tsen un mer nokh.  dos iz nisht geven keyn
zakhn iber velkhe me  hot zikh {demolt} fartrakaht. gefinendik an
ort, a shtub, a keler, a leydike krom iz men koydem-kol arayn, tselozt
dos bisl opgeratevete oremkayt.

iser hot zikh arumgekukt: ersht nekhtn in dray shtubn mit a kikh, dort
in shtot,* un haynt -- arayn in dem dozikn fremdn groysn, vildn tsimer,
ongeshtelt mit fremd mebl, mit shpinveb, mit a tunkeln belik, mit
tsevorfenem altvarg iber der podloge. vu zenen itst di mentshn fun
danen? a fentster mit fartrukente, gele blumentep, shiml oyf di vent,
ersht nekhtn geven dort in breyte tsimern -- un itst? tsi iz es nisht a
kholem?
---------
* bodtsimer, telefon
----------
az s'iz nisht keyn kholem un az s'iz der groer emes hot im dermont
plutsem der veytik in grobn fleysh fun rekhtn fus, hoykh iber der kni.
der veytik iz geven a diner, a brenendiker.  er hot nokh gehat mazl,
vorem s'hot gekont geshen, az er zol itst nisht zayn in der doziker
fremder dire, nor vi hunderter andere, vern ergets oyf a lastoyto
tsugedekt mit a plandek. der lastoyto trogt zikh itst mit impet hinter
der shtot tsu a vald tsu.  dortn shteyen shoyn tsendlikher yidn un grobn
groyse kvorim, kvorim far di, vos lign dervayl untern plandek fun
lastoyto,(1) iz ober andersh geshen.  bay nakht, hobn zey oyfgevekt dem
hoyf, zey zenen arayn oyfn hoyf un geshrign.  hobn ale gemuzt zayn untn
in meshekh fun dray minut. un vey iz geven tsu di, vos hobn zikh
farshpetikt, (khotsh oykh di vos hobn yo bavizn [       ] aroptsuloyfn
oyfn hoyf nakete un halb nakete hobn oykh nisht oysgemitn dem zelbikn
goyrl!).
---------
1. The end of p. 95 contains an additiom, but because the page is
damaged, it can only be partially reconsructed: "it could certainly have
happened in that way, and that he would not find himself in the middle
of this room and [      ]." [my tr. L.P.]
--------
[94] iser hot zikh grod oyfgekhapt, dos vayb iz shoyn fun frier gelegn
baym fentster un gekukt in der finsternish arayn, oyskukndik zey,**
derherndik nor dem ershtn shorkh fun der gas, hot men gekhapt di
ayngepakte peklekh, aroysgekhapt fun bet di shlofndike kinder bay di
hent un arop oyfn hoyf.
-----------
** dem soyne
-----------
s'iz geven mitn nakht, der hoyf iz ful mit vayber, mener un kinder,
tsunoyfgetulyet oyf eyn ort, vi a bisl dershrokene shepsn in a vald
bay a geviter.  a nase kelt fun a sof merts. nakht: di faykhkayt fun
tunkeln himl lozt zikh arop in shvartser ime. a mater royter opshayn fun
shtot-lastoytos farkhapt di rand fun himl. s'iz imedik-shtil hoykh in di
volkns. bald shlogt zikh adurkh a vays likht fun oybn. s'likht iz krank
un mat. dos likht tseshart di shvartskayt, di levone kukt arop vi
a farshemte almone, hoybt zi oyf ir shvartsn volkn-tikhl un mit a por
farglozte vayberishe oygn blaybt zi hengen ibern bergl mentshn un
kinder do oyfn hoyf {[                  ]}.

di kupes mentshn shteyen nakete un halb nakete. di vayber vos hobn nisht
bavizn aroyfvarfn oyf zikh a kleyd, shteyen farvorgn mit a koldere, di
mener in di untervesh, di kinder -- tsugetulyete, ([tseploshete] fun
shrek) vi hindelekh. fun di oybershte shtokn hoyz plutsem -- a gevald,
un bald a temper hilkhiker klap ibern fintsern hoyf lebn di mentshn. a
shtiler krekhts shpalt di luft. a guf ligt do noent in letstn kramf. ver
iz dos?  -- keyner veys nisht!  {[ ]} s'iz shver tsu zen. di levone hot
zikh grod bahaltn, a klepike fintsternish ligt oyfn hoyf.

-- zind alle da?  -- a kol, a shnaydik shtim plutsem iber di kep. dos
kol funem shturmist. a kol a beholediks, a sharfs, a khalef. zayne
gekovete shtivl klapn iber di shteyner fun hoyf in der fintster. me zet
nor zayn siluet shvimen do aher do ahin. er shpringt yede rege fun ort
tsu ort.  in zayn hant muz er haltn epes azoyns vos shnaydt di luft. di
mentshn meynen as s'iz a din baytshl.  un efsher gor a lang meser...

keyner entfert nisht oyf zayn kol, vorem di shrek funem hayfl mentshn iz
azoy groys, [93] az s'nemt op s'loshn. der aropgefalener guf, vos ligt
nisht vayt, git nokh a mol a tsapl oyf di sheyner un blaybt lign.  der
letster tsapl.  in gas do bald vet vider aroysshvimen dos blase likht
fun der levone un baloykhtn dem hoyf. di mentshn bahaltn di penimer un
viln nisht zen.  ven zey voltn gekont aynhaltn di levone, voltn zey es
geton. keyner vil nisht derkenen dem vor [keyner vil nisht derkenen dem
gefalenem]. umrakhmonesdik kalt [likht] fun levone falt oyfn hoyf un
glitsht zikh tsu vu es ligt der guf.

itst zet men alts. a mentsh ligt tsunoyfgekortshet in nakhtvesh.  blote
oyfn vaysn hemd un arum shvartse flekn.  blut iz shvartz bay nakht. der
kop iz nisht tsu zen, eyn hant farleygt hinter der pleytse un di kni
farboygbn, aroyfgerukt.  der mentsh do rirt zikh nisht mer.

der shturmist loyft tsu.  bafelt avektsutrogn im. "optrogn dos drek!" --
shrayt zayn khalefdike shtim. fir man zoln avektrogn. vuhin? -- er zogt
nisht vu. "foroys!" -- tsu der gas.  a rege rirt zikh keyner nisht,
dernokh fir shotns fayln zikh aroys fun di farzamltle.  fir mentshn
geyen tsu, er iz tsvishn zey. "oyfhoybn!" fir mentshn, in di untervesh,
boygn zikh ariber iber dem toytn. ersht itst derkent men {di [
]}: a froy. di lererke. zi hot gevoynt aynzam, in tifn langn koridor fun
dritn shtok. iser gedenkt nisht ir nomen.  er derkent bloyz in ir halb
ponim vos iz kramfhaft [    ] mit an ofn oyg. dos dozike toyte ofene oyg
hot aroysgekukt tsu im.  ire tseyn zenen geven shvarts, farlofn mit
blut.

di fir mentshn boygn zikh ayn, zey hoybn oyf dem guf. tsvey bay di hent
un tsvey bay di fis. der guf iz shver, vi yeder toyter guf. zey hoybn im
hekher. der veg aroys tsu der gas tsit zikh iber der leng fun gantsn
hoyf, hundert trit un efsher mer. s'iz fintster. di borvise fis fun di
mentshn patshn di klepike merts-blote. fir vayse shotns trogn dem nokh
varemen guf tsu der gas tsu. zey filn oyf zeyere kalte akslen dem
varemen guf fun [            ].}

kedey ontsukumen oyf der gas darf men adurkhgeyn a langn shmoln koridor
fun foderhoyz. der koridor iz nisht baloykhtn. iser geyt fun fornt un
oyf zayn aksl ligt der fodershter teyl fun guf. [92] ir hant falt im
iber der brust. er nemt di hant. yo, dos iz zi. ire lange shmole finger
vos hobn tomed zikh bahaltn unter hentshkes. di lererke iz geven a
farshlosene [        ], flegt keyn mol nisht kumen tsu shkheynim.  m'hot
nor gevust, az zi kloybt zikh avekforn fun poyln, ergets zeyer vayt hot
zi ire nonte. arum zikh hot zi [        ] a geheymnishfuln shvaygn fun a
mentshn, vos trogt in zikh a veytik. ire kleyder zenen tomed geven
groe, eydele un farbenkte.  zi hot gehat a shmoln, eydeln guf, oyf
shlanke, vayse fis. bay ir tir hot geloykht a varemer sod fun
vayblekhkayt, vos reytst, un ir gang iber di shtign in di shpete
ovnt-shoen hobn di mener fun hoyz oyfgenumen vi epes a veykh gezang fun
a sheyner farloyrener velt.

itst trogn zey zi ibern hoyf. di fir mener fun ershtn, tsveytn un dritn
shtok.  zey trogn dem soydesfuln shotn fun a lebn, vos zey hobn nisht
gekent. di ime far zeyer eygn lebn iz ergets vu farshvundn. oyf zeyere
akslen trift dos blut fun a heylikn, farbenktn korbm.  zey veysn nisht
vi ahin zey geyen, nor zey filn, az der veg iz a heyliker. zey voltn
azoy gekont trogn dem toytn guf iber di akslen, biz s'vet onhoybn togn.
iber zey hot zikh geshpoltn itst der himl un vider shvimt di levone in a
yam fun tseshpilterte durkhzikhtike volkns.

ongehoybn hot zikh es bayn ershtn. di hant* (fun der toyter) hot
zikh aropgeglitsht, hot er zi oyfgehoybn un lang gehaltn in zayn hant.
dernokh tsugefirt ire finger tsu zayn moyl un azoy a rege farshlosn zayn
moyl iber ir kalter toyter hoyt fun di finger.
--------
* funem korbm
---------

dos zelbe hot oykh geton der tsveyter.

di untershte tsvey, nisht zeendik eyner dem tsveytn, hobn zeyere lipn
gedrikt tsu der toyter, kiler hoyt fun ire fis.

[91] azoy zenen di fir gegangen trit bay trit ibern langn hoyf tsum
foderhoyz. dos foderhoyz iz geven shmol un adurkhgeyn hot men gemuzt.
zey hobn nisht gevust, di mentshn, az dort fun di vinklekh fun foderhoyz
loyern oyf zey oysgeshtrekte khayishe hent.

fun di finstere vinklen fun foderhoyz iz oyf di fir mener opgegebn
gevorn a zalp.  di fir mener un di toyte froy iber zeyere akslen zenen
gefaln oyf der erd. farn hoyz hot geroysht a motor fun a lastoyto. der
motor hot geroysht hoykh un retsikhedik un ayngetoybt dos shiseray.
bloyz er, iser, iz geblibn lign mit der vund in koridor. di iberike dray
un di froy zenen gevorfn gevorn oyfn lastoyto.


                             *     *
                                *

di shtub vi iser shteyt itst iz a groyse, a poylishe. oyf di fentster
shteyen [ ] oreme blumentep. do hot gevoynt an arbeter, vos iz yedn
frimorgn gelofn tsu der arbet. fun mebl iz geblibn do:  a shenkl, a
tish, a naftlempl. er kukt zikh arum, un zukht an ort vu avektsuzetsn
zikh. der veytik in fus shtarkt zikh. dos vayb kumt dervayl arayn fun
gas.  {[ ].} far der tir ligt a pekl opgeratevete vesh un betgevant. dos
hot men zey tsugevorfn fun zeyer dire, beys zey zenen do tsumorgns
arayn. s'hobn shoyn gevoynt fremde mentshn, daytshn fun volin. der
hoyf, yener yidisher hoyf in der shtot, hot shoyn oysgezen vi a fremder
hoyf ergets in a fremder shtot.  fun ale fentster hobn gekukt fremde,
royte penimer fun tsugeforene daytshn.

az dos vayb zetst zikh avek, nemt er ir hant, zey kukn zikh a vayle on,
er shlist di oygn.  un azoy, mit farshlosene oygn, vi kleyne kinder
farloyrene in a vald, trogt er zayn moyl tsu tsu ire finger un blaybt
lang azoy mit farkhaptn otem oyfn kaltn fleysh fun ir hant.
------------------

romanizirt un kontrolirt: leonard prager

gedrukt mitn derloybenish fun yekhiel sheyntukh [Yechiel Szeintuch]

Copyright c  Magnes Press 1995

3)----------------------------------------------------
Date:  19 April 2001
From:  Louis Fridhaber 
Subject: Thomas Friedman's _The Lexus and the Olive Tree_ and Yiddish

Thomas L. Friedman's recent book, _The Lexus and the Olive Tree_ was
basis for a discussion among a group here almost a month ago.  The Olive
Tree represents cultivation of traditions and culture and language, etc.
which people enjoy and treasure inside guarded boundaries (more or
less).  The Lexus represents the internationalization (Friedman calls it
globalization) of peoples' outlook, activities, commerce,
interconnections.  Globalization tends to interfere with, or break down
barriers guarding Olive Trees.  Probably true in many ways.  But not
universally so.

That activities in the field of Yiddish language and culture (our Olive
Tree) continue is due (at least in part) to the internet (The Lexus).
For most of us, the critical mass of people with whom we may interact in
regard to Yiddish would be impossible to gather without this
globalization.  Speaking in Friedman's metaphors, the Lexus does not
inhibit but enables our Olive Tree to flourish.  I wonder if it strikes
_TMR_ readers, too, as somewhat ironic.  I wonder if Friedman would find
it an interesting irony.

-----------
4)  Readers comment on "dreyfus in kasrilevke" [TMR 5.004]
  a. _nakidke_ (Louis Fridhandler )

That word _nakidke_ in "Dreyfus in Kasrilevke" (in the latest edition
of _The Mendele Review_) triggered a memory of a description of Tevye in
the 1895 Hoyzfraynd version entitled "Tevye der milkhiker."  I was moved
to look it up in my files and am grateful for being moved to that.  Here
is what I found, which I once sent to Mendele:

"Ikh batrakht Tevyen un meyn, az er iz gor nisht azoy meshune vi im
dakht zikh; meglekh, az s'iz im beser vi dem raykhstn gvir in Yehupets.
Tevye iz a yid a gezunter, a breytbeynidiker, a shvartser, a horiker,
shver tsu visn vifl er iz alt, trogt groyse shtivl, a farshmoltseveter
nakidke oyf a varem laybl in der grester hits, a meshune modne shnipsl
oyfn haldz, got veyst fun vanen es hot zikh tsu im genumen, mit a vild
kashketl oyfn kop vos zitst vi oyf katoves un hot kheyshek arop tsu
shpringen.  Tevye iz tomed oyfgeleygt tsu redn, hot lib a
glaykhvertl, a moshl, a toyre, nisht keyn iberiker lamdn, nor nisht keyn
amorets in di kleyne oysyes."

['I take a good look at Tevye, and find that he is not as odd as he
thinks.  It may be that he's better off than the richest man of means in
Yehupets.  Tevye is a well-built man, broad-boned, dark and hairy.  It's
hard to guess his age.  He wears hefty boots, and a greasy short coat
over a warm shirt on the hottest of days.  Around his neck is a peculiar
little tie.  God knows where it came from.  There is a strange little
hat on his head perched as though about to leap off as a prank.  Tevye
is always cheerful, ready to talk.  He enjoys a joke, an apt adage, a
bit of Torah.  He is not overly learned, but no ignoramus as to the
finer details'.  (my translation:  L.F.)]

   b. On _tshesuntsha_ and a few historical names (Serge Mitelman
)

I think 'shantung' is closer to _tshesuntsha_ (Stutchkoff:  first word
on p. 582) than 'pongee'.  In Russian, _chesucha_ (stemming from
Chinese) is a dense, usually yellowish or sandy-colored fabric made from
tussore silk, and men's blazers made of it were once very common; one
Russian-English dictionary translates _chesucha_ as 'shantung'.
'Pongee' (Russian _eponzh_), on the other hand, is an altogether
different material, one which isn't as dense.  There's a Russian
translation of this story by the prolific translator Yosef Gurevich
(1905-1966).  He writes "che-shun-cha" (with quotation marks) with a
footnote:  "distorted _chesucha_."  However, I asked my parents and they
provided two pronounciatons:  cheshuncha and chesuycha.

With regard to several names:  Zaydl is called Zeydl in this Russian
translation and it is a name I know.  In the commentaries by the Yiddish
writer Avrom N. Frumkin (1889-1961), "Peli" is Detective 'Pelye'
(Pelliet?), who investigated the affair, "Budefer" is chief of staff
'Buadefr', and "Lambori" is the "famous French solicitor, Dreyfus's
defense lawyer Ferdinand Labori, subject to unsuccessful assassination
attempt during the second trial."  Unfortunately, Russian, too,
transcribes foreign names phonetically.

c. [My failure to identify Dreyfus's attorney, Ferdinand Labori --
mis-spelled by Sholem-Aleykhem "Lambori" -- was immediately brought to
my attention by Michael Steinlauf , who also
verified that Labori was indeed shot and wounded.  Michael Steinlauf
also pointed out that the lawyer's name is correctly spelled in the
translations in both the Howe and Greenberg anthology and in Ruth
Wisse's edition.( ed.)]

  d. Poles in Ukraine (Serge Mitelman and L.P.)

LP:  The English translation of "Dreyfus in Kasrilevke" by Hilde Abel
(Howe and Greenberg, p. 189) has the shtetl postmaster "mutter[ing] in
Polish."  What he "mutters" in a fit of pique is:  "tut ne zhidivska
shkola, zhidi parhhatye, tut ne kahal shakhermakheri!," which is more
Ukrainian -- which one would expect -- or Russian [will a Slavicist
please comment?] than Polish (where 'here' is _tu_, etc.).  Serge
Mitelman, noting my footnote 17 where a "cf."  ['compare'] has fallen
out before the Polish term) asked what a Pole was doing in Kasrilevke.
This started the following exchange, which barely touches the complex
subject.

L.P.: "There were Poles in Ukrainian shtetlekh, often the owners. My
parents always told me that their shtetl, Rebinke [Grebenka] (about 40
kilometers south of Kiev, not far from Fastov), was owned by a Polish
nobleman. But the postmaster would surely have been Ukrainian."(1)

Serge Mitelman:  "Of course there were Poles in the Ukraine.  And not
only in the Ukraine, but even ba indz in Bessarabye (mir'obm g'ot a
kostyol in Keshenev), although they've likely assimilated by now.  What
our writers (Sholem-Aleykhem, Mendele, etc.) cite isn't often pure
Ukrainian or Russian, but a 'geshmelts' -- 'malorosskiy', which was
really spoken.  Up until very recently our form of Russian (now dying
out) was a kind of 'malorosskiy' dialect, that borders on Eastern
Ukrainian and in structure is very close to verbatim translations from
Yiddish.  In literary Russian these would be considered unacceptable,
and many words aren't known elsewhere in Russia, except from very scarce
belle lettres (in such authors as Kuprin, Korolenko, Babel, and a few
more).  But those words are often used in Yiddish, too - e.g.
_gitsel_/_hitsel_ ('dogcatcher'), _nagut_/_nahut_ - _nait_ ('chick
peas'), _zhmen'ka_/_zhmenya_ - _zhmenye_ ('handful'), _zhlyokat_ -
_zhlyokn_ ('drink avidly'), etc.  I've never read enywhere about this
topic, though.  Also, _kozle(s)_ and _kelnye(s)_ can be found on p. 306
of Shapiro, Spivak and Shulman's _Rusish-Yidisher Verterbikh_ (Moscow
1984)under _obluchok_ (another word for 'coachbox').

------
1. Two books I have skimmed on this subject -- I am sure there is a
copious literature -- are:  Daniel Beauvois, _Le noble, le serf et le
revizor :  la noblesse polonaise entre le tsarisme et les masses
ukrainiennes, 1831-1863_ (Paris :  Editions des archives contemporaines,
1985) and Franz Stefczyk, _Polen und Rythenen in Galizien_ (Lemberg:
Polonia, 1912) [ed.]
--------------------

AN APOLOGY
  e. An apology to Barry Goldstein (), who romanized
"Dreyfus in Kasrilevke" and should have been so credited. Morrie Feller,
who was credited, has romanized other stories for Project Onkelos.
Errors are corrected in the archives as soon as they are caught.
______________________________________________________
End of _The Mendele Review_ 05.005

Leonard Prager, editor

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